The question of equal representation of citizens in the legislature of Nepal: rhetoric and reality

ABSTRACT To what extent the legislature represents the views of all social groups is a central question in multiethnic societies like Nepal. The results from descriptive and inferential statistical analysis of all representatives from 1959 to 2013 show the existence of a prolonged unequal representation of caste/ethnic groups in the legislature of Nepal. A few subgroups of peoples have historically created a ‘creamy layer’ throughout all political systems. Although women and some excluded identities have gained substantial seats in the later period, progress for many groups, particularly historically marginalized ones, has been far too slow. The representation patterns are largely associated with a design of political institutions, such as electoral system and ethnic quotas, as well as the socioeconomic status of a group linked to poverty, wealth, adult literacy, and human development. These findings suggest that the chances of equal representation appear not just to the worth of group effort rather than its ability to influence the political process through power and resources. Thus, reforming political institutions, particularly the electoral systems, and improving the socioeconomic status of women and excluded identities, all of which demand strong political will and commitment, may narrow down inequality in political representation.