The economic effect of the measures provided for by the Kyoto Protocol by region (as of the 2020s)

The Kyoto Protocol has become a promising component for solving one of the most urgent and discussed problems by scientists – air pollution. Therefore, it remains important to consider what has actually been achieved over the 17 years of the treaty; what effects (environmental or economic) prevail as a result of its action. In this research, special emphasis is placed on the impact of the Kyoto Protocol on certain regions, such as Europe, Asia, America and others. Thus, the purpose of the work is to demonstrate how this agreement influenced the development of countries in certain regions, what consequences it led to and how effective it turned out to be. The following research methods were used in the work: statistical, graphic, historical, modelling and forecasting. While writing the work, it was demonstrated what advantages and disadvantages the Kyoto Protocol has as a document for protecting the external environment. In addition, the authors described the main environmental benefits and economic losses from this agreement. The research has demonstrated that the Kyoto Protocol does reduce CO2 emissions in some regions and likely reduces the rate of growth in others. However, a general decline in industrial development was observed in the countries participating in the agreement. The authors conclude that it is currently impossible to say with certainty how effective this agreement will be, but its adverse political and economic consequences will be far less than the environmental benefits. In addition, regional features of the impact of the Kyoto Protocol on the development of local countries were considered. The work allows for a new perspective on the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol and provides new answers to questions about the usefulness of this document and the rationality of implementing its terms