Age and Smoking Duration as the Risk Factors for Hypertension among Indonesian Males

Highlights: Data from the Indonesian Family Live Survey 5 were utilized to analyze the incidence of hypertension among males. The most common risk factors of hypertension among Indonesian males are age and smoking duration. Abstract : Hypertension is a silent killer because most people with hypertension are asymptomatic. The global hypertension prevalence among males aged over 18 years increased by 22.8% and 31.34% in 2013 and 2018, respectively. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between age and smoking duration with hypertension incidence among Indonesian males. Studies related to hypertension risk factors have been conducted extensively, but few focus on males. This study included a cross-sectional survey, in which the data were collected through the Indonesian Family Life Survey 5 with a total of 835 participants. The dependent variable was the hypertension incidence among males. The independent variables were age and smoking duration. The data were analyzed through univariate analysis; bivariate analysis using the Chi-square test, simple logistic regression to calculate prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), and Mann-Whitney test; and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression. Among the 835 participants, 10.7% (89) were hypertensive. Most of them were working (739), non-Javanese (489), aged over 40 years, and had been smoking for longer (mean=35.30 years). The multivariate regression demonstrated that age (p=0.000; PR=4.715; CI=2.272-8.154) and smoking duration (p=0.000; PR=1.071: CI=1.049-1.094) were significantly related to hypertension incidence. In conclusion, age and smoking duration are variables associated with hypertension incidence among Indonesian males. This indicates that it is very important for the public to know how to take precautions against hypertension in males by knowing its risk factors.