Narian Romanello , Andréa do Nascimento Barreto , Marco Antonio Paula de Sousa , Júlio Cesar de Carvalho Balieiro , Felipe Zandonadi Brandão , Felipe Tonato , Alberto Carlos de Campos Bernardi , José Ricardo Macedo Pezzopane , José Alberto Bastos Portugal , Alexandre Rossetto Garcia
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However, the use of integrated crop-livestock-forestry systems to optimize the beef cattle thermal balance has not been examined more deeply.</p></div><div><h3>OBJECTIVE</h3><p><span>The study aimed to evaluate the microclimate in a non-shaded pasture system (NS) and in an integrated crop-livestock-forestry system (ICLF) and its influence on thermoregulatory and endocrine responses of </span>zebu and composite bulls, during different climatic seasons.</p></div><div><h3>METHODS</h3><p>The experiment was carried out in a tropical region, São Carlos-SP, Brazil (21°57′42″S, 47°50′28″W). Nelore (<em>Bos indicus</em>) and Canchim (5/8 <em>Bos taurus</em> x 3/8 <em>Bos indicus</em>) bulls were equally allocated in a non-shaded system (NS; <em>n</em> = 32) or in an integrated crop-livestock-forestry system (ICLF; n = 32). The animals were monthly evaluated and the data were analyzed using a GLM Model. Means were compared using Tukey test (<em>P</em> < 0.05).</p></div><div><h3>RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS</h3><p>The ICLF system reduced the air temperature (−0.6 °C; <em>P</em> = 0.0010), the Black Globe Temperature and Humidity Index-BGHI (−3.8; <em>P</em> < 0.0001), and the Radiant Thermal Load (−104 W/m<sup>2</sup>; P < 0.0001) compared to the NS system. The infrared thermograms of NS bulls were characterized by higher temperatures on the surface of the back and in the trunk, during Autumn and Winter (<em>P</em> < 0.05). In addition, NS bulls presented higher respiratory rate (RR: 35.85 ± 0.88 vs 31.97 ± 0.88 breaths/min; <em>P</em> = 0.0210) and internal body temperature (BT: 39.54 ± 0.05 vs 39.35 ± 0.05 °C; <em>P</em> = 0.0057) during Autumn. There was a significant reduction in cortisol concentration (−12.13 ng/mL; <em>P</em><span> < 0.05) in both systems throughout the experiment. Nelore bulls had lower RR and BT, lower mean concentration of cortisol, and higher secretion of triiodothyronine than Canchim bulls. The ICLF system was effective in mitigating the microclimate of pastures due to the action of natural shading, providing greater thermal comfort, especially for composite animals, and favored the maintenance of homeothermy in the bulls.</span></p></div><div><h3>SIGNIFICANCE</h3><p>This thesis has provided a deeper insight into the physiological mechanisms involved in the thermoregulation<span> of cattle raised in integrated crop-livestock-forestry systems. 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引用次数: 3
摘要
气候变化对畜牧业生产力和动物健康提出了挑战。因此，缓解全球气温上升对畜牧业生产影响的管理战略已变得越来越重要。然而，使用综合作物-畜牧业-林业系统来优化肉牛的热平衡还没有得到更深入的研究。本研究旨在评估不同气候季节非遮荫牧场系统（NS）和作物-畜牧业-林业综合系统（ICLF）的小气候及其对泽布和复合公牛体温调节和内分泌反应的影响。方法在巴西圣卡洛斯SP热带地区（21°57′42〃S，47°50′28〃W）进行实验。Nelore（Bos indicus）和Canchim（5/8 Bos taurus x 3/8 Bos inditus）公牛被平均分配在非遮荫系统（NS；n=32）或综合作物-畜牧业-林业系统（ICLF；n=32。每月对动物进行评估，并使用GLM模型对数据进行分析。使用Tukey检验对平均值进行比较（P<；0.05）。结果和结论与NS系统相比，ICLF系统降低了空气温度（−0.6°C；P=0.0010）、Black Globe温湿度指数BGHI（−3.8；P<；0.0001）和辐射热负荷（−104 W/m2；P<！0.0001）。NS公牛的红外热像图的特征是秋季和冬季背部和躯干表面的温度较高（P<；0.05）。此外，NS公牛在秋季表现出较高的呼吸频率（RR:35.85±0.88 vs 31.97±0.88次呼吸/分钟；P=0.0210）和内部体温（BT:39.54±0.05 vs 39.35±0.05°C；P=0.0057）。在整个实验过程中，两个系统中的皮质醇浓度均显著降低（−12.13 ng/mL；P<；0.05）。与Canchim公牛相比，Nelore公牛的RR和BT较低，皮质醇平均浓度较低，三碘甲状腺原氨酸分泌较高。由于自然遮荫的作用，ICLF系统在缓解牧场的小气候方面是有效的，提供了更大的热舒适性，尤其是对复合动物，并有利于保持公牛的恒温。重要意义本论文对作物-畜牧-林业综合系统中饲养的牛的体温调节所涉及的生理机制进行了更深入的了解。从这项研究中获得的见解可能有助于表明ICLF是在热带气候中提高动物福利的合适选择。
Thermal comfort of Nelore (Bos indicus) and Canchim (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) bulls kept in an integrated crop-livestock-forestry system in a tropical climate
CONTEXT
Climate change presents challenges for livestock productivity and animal health. Thus, management strategies to mitigate the effects of the global temperature increase on livestock production have become progressively relevant. However, the use of integrated crop-livestock-forestry systems to optimize the beef cattle thermal balance has not been examined more deeply.
OBJECTIVE
The study aimed to evaluate the microclimate in a non-shaded pasture system (NS) and in an integrated crop-livestock-forestry system (ICLF) and its influence on thermoregulatory and endocrine responses of zebu and composite bulls, during different climatic seasons.
METHODS
The experiment was carried out in a tropical region, São Carlos-SP, Brazil (21°57′42″S, 47°50′28″W). Nelore (Bos indicus) and Canchim (5/8 Bos taurus x 3/8 Bos indicus) bulls were equally allocated in a non-shaded system (NS; n = 32) or in an integrated crop-livestock-forestry system (ICLF; n = 32). The animals were monthly evaluated and the data were analyzed using a GLM Model. Means were compared using Tukey test (P < 0.05).
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The ICLF system reduced the air temperature (−0.6 °C; P = 0.0010), the Black Globe Temperature and Humidity Index-BGHI (−3.8; P < 0.0001), and the Radiant Thermal Load (−104 W/m2; P < 0.0001) compared to the NS system. The infrared thermograms of NS bulls were characterized by higher temperatures on the surface of the back and in the trunk, during Autumn and Winter (P < 0.05). In addition, NS bulls presented higher respiratory rate (RR: 35.85 ± 0.88 vs 31.97 ± 0.88 breaths/min; P = 0.0210) and internal body temperature (BT: 39.54 ± 0.05 vs 39.35 ± 0.05 °C; P = 0.0057) during Autumn. There was a significant reduction in cortisol concentration (−12.13 ng/mL; P < 0.05) in both systems throughout the experiment. Nelore bulls had lower RR and BT, lower mean concentration of cortisol, and higher secretion of triiodothyronine than Canchim bulls. The ICLF system was effective in mitigating the microclimate of pastures due to the action of natural shading, providing greater thermal comfort, especially for composite animals, and favored the maintenance of homeothermy in the bulls.
SIGNIFICANCE
This thesis has provided a deeper insight into the physiological mechanisms involved in the thermoregulation of cattle raised in integrated crop-livestock-forestry systems. The insights gained from this study may be of assistance to indicate ICLF as a suitable option for increasing animal welfare in tropical climates.
期刊介绍：
Agricultural Systems is an international journal that deals with interactions - among the components of agricultural systems, among hierarchical levels of agricultural systems, between agricultural and other land use systems, and between agricultural systems and their natural, social and economic environments.
The scope includes the development and application of systems analysis methodologies in the following areas:
Systems approaches in the sustainable intensification of agriculture; pathways for sustainable intensification; crop-livestock integration; farm-level resource allocation; quantification of benefits and trade-offs at farm to landscape levels; integrative, participatory and dynamic modelling approaches for qualitative and quantitative assessments of agricultural systems and decision making;
The interactions between agricultural and non-agricultural landscapes; the multiple services of agricultural systems; food security and the environment;
Global change and adaptation science; transformational adaptations as driven by changes in climate, policy, values and attitudes influencing the design of farming systems;
Development and application of farming systems design tools and methods for impact, scenario and case study analysis; managing the complexities of dynamic agricultural systems; innovation systems and multi stakeholder arrangements that support or promote change and (or) inform policy decisions.
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