Formate Dehydrogenase: From NAD(P)H Regeneration to Targeting Pathogen Biofilms, Composing Highly Efficient Hybrid Biocatalysts and Atmospheric CO2 Fixation

NAD(P)⁺-dependent formate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.2, FDH) catalyzes the simplest reaction from chemical and biological points of view, oxidation of formate-ion to carbon dioxide coupled to NAD(P)⁺ reduction to yield NAD(P)H. Advances in the life sciences have shown that this reaction plays an extremely important role in a wide variety of organisms. The areas and types of practical applications of FDH are also permanently expanding. The review analyzes the key steps in the development of our knowledge on the role of formate dehydrogenase in living systems. Achievements in creation of highly efficient catalysts based on FDH for classic biotechnology as well as for new areas are also considered. The importance of a correct selection of the starting FDH form for the purpose of a biocatalyst design with required properties with minimal costs is demonstrated. The prospects for the use of FDH for CO₂ fixation of CO₂ are discussed.