Current status of the Mohave ground squirrel: an update covering the period 2013–2020

The Mohave ground squirrel (Xerospermophilus mohavensis) is endemic to the western Mojave Desert of California. It is restricted to a small geographic area and is listed as Threatened under the California Endangered Species Act. Human development has resulted in loss and degradation of its desert habitat and climate change is believed to pose an additional threat. To determine its current conservation status and geographic distribution, I have assembled all available data from field studies during the years 2013-2020. These data confirm that the species is still present in 4 core areas and that it continues to be widespread in the northern and central portions of its historical range. However, the recent data also confirm earlier conclusions that the Mohave ground squirrel is now extirpated from the southernmost portion of its range. Recent surveys raise concerns about its status in other areas as well. A large-scale trail camera survey on the South Range unit of China Lake Naval Air Weapons Station in 2019 failed to detect the Mohave ground squirrel over much of this large installation. Recent trail camera surveys on Fort Irwin strongly suggest that the closely-related round-tailed ground squirrel (Xerospermophilus tereticaudus) has now replaced the Mohave ground squirrel over most of the base. There is additional evidence that the round-tailed ground squirrel is present in disturbed habitats to the west of Barstow and that hybridization with the Mohave ground squirrel is occurring there. It will be important to protect and conserve currently occupied Mohave ground squirrel habitat in view of this new information.