复杂的个人主义与集体主义,西方与东方:在盖洛普世界民意调查中探索自我和他者视角的全球多样性

IF 2.4 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL
T. Lomas, Pablo Diego-Rosell, K. Shiba, Priscilla Standridge, Matthew T. Lee, B. Case, A. Lai, T. VanderWeele
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引用次数: 11

摘要

大量研究表明,西方倾向于个人主义,而东方倾向于集体主义。我们通过2020年盖洛普世界民意调查中的两个新项目,以前所未有的规模探讨了这一主题,涉及116个国家的121,207名参与者。第一个是关于自我照顾和他人照顾的倾向(“你认为人们应该更关注照顾自己还是照顾他人?”)。第二个问题是关于自我取向和他人取向(“以下哪一个最接近你人生的主要目标?”)在日常生活中做好自己的事情,关心家人和亲密的朋友,还是帮助需要帮助的人?”)。我们预计自我关怀和自我导向将指向个人主义(因此在西方更高),而他人关怀和他人导向将指向集体主义(因此在东方更高)。然而,与预期相反,东部(45.82%)的自我保健程度高于西部(41.58%)。正如预测的那样,西方的自我定位率(30.20%)高于东方(23.08%)。在东方,人们对自我照顾程度的提高有两种解释。这两项中的任何一项:(a)如预期的那样,指数个人主义和集体主义,因此在某些方面,东方比假设的更个人主义,而西方不那么个人主义;或者(b)没有像预期的那样将个人主义和集体主义指数化,因此这些概念比通常意识到的更复杂(例如,集体主义可能涉及优先考虑自我照顾而不是他人照顾)。无论哪种方式,这些发现都有助于使这些概念变得复杂,挑战了这一领域常见的跨文化概括。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Complexifying Individualism Versus Collectivism and West Versus East: Exploring Global Diversity in Perspectives on Self and Other in the Gallup World Poll
A wealth of research has suggested the West tends toward individualism and the East toward collectivism. We explored this topic on an unprecedented scale through two new items in the 2020 Gallup World Poll, involving 121,207 participants in 116 countries. The first tapped into orientations toward self-care versus other-care (“Do you think people should focus more on taking care of themselves or on taking care of others?”). The second enquired into self-orientation versus other-orientation (“Which of the following is closest to your main purpose in life? Being good at what you do in your daily life, Caring for family and close friends, or Helping other people who need help?”). We anticipated that self-care and self-orientation would index individualism (hence be higher in the West), while other-care and other-orientation would index collectivism (hence be higher in the East). However, contrary to expectation, there was greater self-care in the East (45.82%) than in the West (41.58%). As predicted though, there was greater self-orientation in the West (30.20%) than in the East (23.08.%). Greater self-care in the East invites one of two interpretations. Either these items: (a) index individualism and collectivism as anticipated, so in some ways the East is more individualistic and the West less individualistic than assumed; or (b) do not index individualism and collectivism as anticipated, so the concepts are more complex than often realized (e.g., collectivism may involve prioritizing self-care over other-care). Either way, the findings help complexify these concepts, challenging common cross-cultural generalizations in this area.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
4.60
自引率
6.70%
发文量
69
期刊介绍: Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology publishes papers that focus on the interrelationships between culture and psychological processes. Submitted manuscripts may report results from either cross-cultural comparative research or results from other types of research concerning the ways in which culture (and related concepts such as ethnicity) affect the thinking and behavior of individuals as well as how individual thought and behavior define and reflect aspects of culture. Review papers and innovative reformulations of cross-cultural theory will also be considered. Studies reporting data from within a single nation should focus on cross-cultural perspective. Empirical studies must be described in sufficient detail to be potentially replicable.
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