Sector coupling of electricity, transport and cooling with high share integration of renewables in Indonesia

Sector coupling improves energy system efficiency by maximising potential synergies among energy sectors. This paper aims to assess the sector coupling of electricity, transport, and cooling on the Java and Bali islands, Indonesia. Future energy systems in 2040, focussing on decarbonised electricity sector with high electric vehicles deployment and district cooling penetration, were simulated using EnergyPLAN. A bottom-up calculation approach was applied to determine demand in the transport sector. In the cooling sector, geospatial analysis was employed to quantify cooling demand and locate potential district cooling networks in Jakarta. Six scenarios were explored based on their energy demand and supply characteristics. Modelling results show that the sector coupling of three sectors could reduce primary energy supply (PES), CO₂ emissions and annual costs. The most suitable scenario has about 8% lower PES, 14% lower CO₂ emissions and 2% less annual costs compared to the business-as-usual scenario. Results also show that transport electrification could only effectively and significantly decrease CO₂ emissions if its electricity demand is produced from renewables. Transport electrification with large scale integration of renewables could also lower the annual costs by decreasing fossil fuel costs in the transport and electricity sectors.