Measuring the Uncertainty of Imputed Scores

Technical difficulties and other unforeseen events occasionally lead to incomplete data on educational tests, which necessitates the reporting of imputed scores to some examinees. While there exist several approaches for reporting imputed scores, there is a lack of any guidance on the reporting of the uncertainty of imputed scores. In this paper, several approaches are suggested for quantifying the uncertainty of imputed scores using measures that are similar in spirit to estimates of reliability and standard error of measurement. A simulation study is performed to examine the properties of the approaches. The approaches are then applied to data from a state test on which some examinees' scores had to be imputed following computer problems. Several recommendations are made for practice.