From sequences to variables – Rethinking the relationship between sequences and outcomes

Sequence analysis (SA) has gained increasing interest in social sciences for theholistic analysis of life course and other longitudinal data. The usual approach isto construct sequences, calculate dissimilarities, group similar sequences with clusteranalysis, and use cluster membership as a dependent or independent variable in a linear or nonlinear regression model.This approach may be problematic as the cluster memberships are assumed to befixed known characteristics of the subjects in subsequent analysis. Furthermore, often it is more reasonable to assume that individual sequences are mixtures of multiple ideal types rather than equal members of some group. Failing to account for these issues may lead to wrong conclusions about the nature of the studied relationships.In this paper, we bring forward and discuss the problems of the "traditional" useof SA clusters and compare four approaches for different types of data. We conduct a simulation study and an empirical study, demonstrating the importance of considering how sequences and outcomes are related and the need to adjust the analysis accordingly. In many typical social science applications, the traditional approach is prone to result in wrong conclusions and so-called position-dependent approaches such as representativeness should be preferred.