描写与比较: 廉江粤语的惯常体

摘要:廉江粤方言存在助动词“惯 1”和体助词“惯 2”,分别位于动词前和动词后,都表惯常体意义。基于对两者细致的描写,我们认为廉江粤方言、贵港粤客方言的“惯”已由补语语法化为惯常体助词;广州话的补语“ 惯” 未能进一步语法化为惯常体助词, 其惯常体助词为“开”。汉语方言的惯常体标记经历了“补语>体助词”(如广州话的“开”,廉江话的“惯 2”)、“动词>助动词”(如廉江话的“惯 1”) 两条途径。表惯常的助动词、补语、体助词,均可视为汉语惯常范畴的表现形式。这些形式专门表示惯常意义,是惯常范畴研究的重要内容。把共时静态描写和动态演变(语法化)相结合,对方言语法现象进行测试式的描写和比较,这一“静−动”结合的描写框架,是方言语法描写研究发展的新要求。ABSTRACT:In Lianjiang Yue dialect, the auxiliary verb “guan1” and the aspect particle “guan2”, which place before and after verbs respectively, refer to habitual meaning. By investigating these two words, we find that in Lianjiang Yue dialect, Guigang Yue dialect and Hakka dialect, “guan” has grammaticalized from descriptive complement to habitual particle, while in Guangzhou dialect “guan” has not evolved in this way. The habitual particle in Guangzhou dialect is “kai”. There are two paths of grammaticalization for the habitual particles in Chinese dialect. One is from descriptive complement to habitual aspect (such as “kai” in Guangzhou dialect, and “guan2” in Lianjiang dialect), while the other is from verb to auxiliary verb (such as “guan1” in Lianjiang Yue dialect). Auxiliary verbs, descriptive complements and aspect particles referring to habitual meaning all fall into the habitual category, and they are important to the study of the habitual category in Chinese. In this paper, we examine the postverbal “guan” in Lianjiang Yue dialect within the “static– dynamic” framework of dialectal grammar research, studying its current usage as well as its evolvement. This is the new requirement for the descriptive research on dialectal grammar.