{"title":"来自文献","authors":"T. Hampton","doi":"10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.051363","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The number of known HTLVs has doubled with the identification of HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 in recent years. HTLVs are d-retroviruses that arose from simian retroviruses (STLV). The entire group of viruses, both human and simian, are now termed primate T-lymphotropic viruses (PTLV). PTLVs are numbered 1–4 and each is comprised of the corresponding HTLV and STLV—thus, PTLV-2 is made up of HTLV-2 and its ancestor, STLV-2 (the simian counterpart of HTLV-4 has not yet been identified). HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are widespread in the human population. HTLV-1 infection is associated with human disease in !5% of those infected, with the most frequent manifestations being human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, myelopathy, and various inflammatory disorders. HTLV-2 may be associated with a myelopathic disorder. The distribution and potential disease associations of HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 are as yet unknown. The progenitor of HTLV-3, STLV-3, is broadly distributed in Africa, but only 3 strains of HTLV-3 have been identified to date—all in Cameroon. The only isolation of HTLV-4 so far has been from a primate hunter in the Cameroonian forest but, in contrast to the other HTLVs, the simian counterpart has not yet been identified. Phylogenetic analysis of the HTLV-4 genome sequence demonstrated it to be distinct and equidistant from the other HTLVs, with only 62%-71% identity at the nucleotide level. The genome contains important sequences necessary for viral expression, including potential oncogenesis. Molecular dating indicates that the HTLV4 lineage split off from a progenitor of PLTV-2 approximately 200,000 years ago, a time that more or less corresponds to the appearance of Homo sapiens 200,000– 400,000 years ago. The continued detection of previously unknown human viruses and retroviruses is opening a new chapter in our understanding of human health and disease. Whether HTLV-4 and/or HTLV-3 play an important role remains to be seen.","PeriodicalId":72225,"journal":{"name":"Annals of medical history","volume":"3 1","pages":"88 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"From the Literature\",\"authors\":\"T. Hampton\",\"doi\":\"10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.051363\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"The number of known HTLVs has doubled with the identification of HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 in recent years. HTLVs are d-retroviruses that arose from simian retroviruses (STLV). The entire group of viruses, both human and simian, are now termed primate T-lymphotropic viruses (PTLV). PTLVs are numbered 1–4 and each is comprised of the corresponding HTLV and STLV—thus, PTLV-2 is made up of HTLV-2 and its ancestor, STLV-2 (the simian counterpart of HTLV-4 has not yet been identified). HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are widespread in the human population. HTLV-1 infection is associated with human disease in !5% of those infected, with the most frequent manifestations being human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, myelopathy, and various inflammatory disorders. HTLV-2 may be associated with a myelopathic disorder. The distribution and potential disease associations of HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 are as yet unknown. The progenitor of HTLV-3, STLV-3, is broadly distributed in Africa, but only 3 strains of HTLV-3 have been identified to date—all in Cameroon. The only isolation of HTLV-4 so far has been from a primate hunter in the Cameroonian forest but, in contrast to the other HTLVs, the simian counterpart has not yet been identified. Phylogenetic analysis of the HTLV-4 genome sequence demonstrated it to be distinct and equidistant from the other HTLVs, with only 62%-71% identity at the nucleotide level. The genome contains important sequences necessary for viral expression, including potential oncogenesis. Molecular dating indicates that the HTLV4 lineage split off from a progenitor of PLTV-2 approximately 200,000 years ago, a time that more or less corresponds to the appearance of Homo sapiens 200,000– 400,000 years ago. The continued detection of previously unknown human viruses and retroviruses is opening a new chapter in our understanding of human health and disease. Whether HTLV-4 and/or HTLV-3 play an important role remains to be seen.\",\"PeriodicalId\":72225,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Annals of medical history\",\"volume\":\"3 1\",\"pages\":\"88 - 88\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2020-10-13\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Annals of medical history\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.051363\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Annals of medical history","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.051363","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
The number of known HTLVs has doubled with the identification of HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 in recent years. HTLVs are d-retroviruses that arose from simian retroviruses (STLV). The entire group of viruses, both human and simian, are now termed primate T-lymphotropic viruses (PTLV). PTLVs are numbered 1–4 and each is comprised of the corresponding HTLV and STLV—thus, PTLV-2 is made up of HTLV-2 and its ancestor, STLV-2 (the simian counterpart of HTLV-4 has not yet been identified). HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are widespread in the human population. HTLV-1 infection is associated with human disease in !5% of those infected, with the most frequent manifestations being human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, myelopathy, and various inflammatory disorders. HTLV-2 may be associated with a myelopathic disorder. The distribution and potential disease associations of HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 are as yet unknown. The progenitor of HTLV-3, STLV-3, is broadly distributed in Africa, but only 3 strains of HTLV-3 have been identified to date—all in Cameroon. The only isolation of HTLV-4 so far has been from a primate hunter in the Cameroonian forest but, in contrast to the other HTLVs, the simian counterpart has not yet been identified. Phylogenetic analysis of the HTLV-4 genome sequence demonstrated it to be distinct and equidistant from the other HTLVs, with only 62%-71% identity at the nucleotide level. The genome contains important sequences necessary for viral expression, including potential oncogenesis. Molecular dating indicates that the HTLV4 lineage split off from a progenitor of PLTV-2 approximately 200,000 years ago, a time that more or less corresponds to the appearance of Homo sapiens 200,000– 400,000 years ago. The continued detection of previously unknown human viruses and retroviruses is opening a new chapter in our understanding of human health and disease. Whether HTLV-4 and/or HTLV-3 play an important role remains to be seen.