Nanovesicles based drug targeting to control tumor growth and metastasis

Cancer is still a global challenge for healthcare professional and scientists due to complicated pathological pathways, inefficient early diagnosis, and limited safe delivery system at economic treatment cost. Despite these, other factors (life style, environmental problem, socio-economic issues, patient related complications, expensive therapy, and genetic history of oncogene) played significant role to spread and complicate treatment. However, various novel carriers have been explored and reported for effective and efficient drug delivery using polymers and lipid. Among them, vesicular systems are considered as the most biocompatible and safe for delivery of hydrophilic and lipophilic drug candidates. Therefore, the present review addressed various forms of nanovesicular systems with their benefits, progressive development stages, and mechanistic insights for drug targeting (active and passive), specific cancer wise nanovesicles, exosomes, and commercial products with potential clinical applications. The review primarily highlighted the major findings of nanovesicles employed to control solid tumor when a chemotherapeutic drug was used in specific vesicles based nanocarriers. Notably, miscellaneous exosomes, blood cells-based drug delivery (neutrophils and leukocytes), pH-responsive nanovesicles improved drug therapy by targeting tumor tissues and high drug access in the site of action. Finally, co-administration of chemotherapeutic drugs (combination therapy) further revealed convincing therapeutic outcomes as compared to standalone.