The exposure dose of reclaimed water in daily life: A mini review

The exposure dose of reclaimed water is an important indicator to evaluate the potential risk of water reuse. This study summarized a general calculation model for the exposure dose of reclaimed water, taking into account the three exposure routes of oral intake, skin absorption and inhalation. The differences of reused scenarios, geographical and meteorological conditions, and evaluated populations were considered in the model. The exposure of reclaimed water in practical application was also studied. The daily intakes of reclaimed water of different populations could vary from 0.01 to 49 ​mL. The average annual exposure dose of reclaimed water in the regular reused scenarios was 2444 ​mL. Professional activities (mean was 42.63 ​L and median was 9.81 ​L) had a higher annual exposure dose than non-professional activities (mean was 7.91 ​L and median was 0.90 ​L). Annual exposure doses to road dust reduction, garden greening, road rinse and manual car washing were higher than the average for the professionals. Future research can focus on the exposure risk of reclaimed water of the above activities.