Avian reproductive tract diseases and surgical resolutions

Reproductive tract disease is a commonplace in avian practice, particularly among female birds. Unique anatomy and physiologyof the avian reproductive tract results in a highly productive but poorly accessible organ system. Affected hens are commonly presentedwith nonspecific lethargy, coelomic swelling and sometimes laying abnormal eggs. Reproductive diseases are less commonin male birds; however, they are well described. Although many reproductive tract diseases can be managed medically, there isa definite need for surgical intervention in some cases. Because of internal location, various disease processes and even normalphysiologic processes can dramatically alter patient presentations. For this reason, a clear understanding of avian female anatomyand male reproductive tracts is vital to diagnose and treat disorders. This manuscript focuses on recognition and treatment(emphasizing surgical management) of avian reproductive tract diseases. Because of the unique avian reproductive anatomy andfrequent need for surgical correction of disorders, the organization of the manuscript starts with descriptions of coelom and basicsurgical principles.