Evaluating the Antidepressant-like Properties of Melatonin and Vitamin D3 Combination in Mice Subjected to Restraint Stress: Investigating the Involvement of Oxidative Stress

Increased levels of oxidative stress are connected with depression. Due to the melatonin's antioxidant effects and vitamin D3 (Vit D3)'s regulatory effect on the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors, the present study investigated the possible protective effect of melatonin and Vit D3 combination on restraint stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. After being subjected to restraint stress, mice were divided into six groups using a randomization process. These groups included non-stressed and stressed vehicle-treated groups, as well as groups treated with Vit D3 (25 μg/kg/day), melatonin (10 mg/kg) or fluoxetine. A group also received a combination of both melatonin and Vit D3. The forced swimming test (FST), and open field test (OFT) were conducted to evaluate behavioural changes. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and ADP/ATP ratio were evaluated in the hippocampus of mice. Restraint stress lengthened the immobility period in FST, while melatonin, Vit D3, and their combination all significantly reversed this impact. Co-administration of melatonin and Vit D3 was more effective than melatonin or Vit D3 administration alone at reducing immobility time. The exposure of mice to restraint stress has been linked to an elevation in the ADP/ATP ratio and oxidative stress in their hippocampus; however, these effects are reversed by the administration of melatonin and Vit D3 (10 mg/kg) alone or in combination. Melatonin and Vit D3 combination increased the hippocampus CAT activity compared with melatonin and Vit D3 alone. The current study's findings suggested that Vit D3 may enhance melatonin's potential as an antidepressant in FST.