岩石Rinds和砂/淤泥涂层中的古环境档案

IF 16.4 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
W. Mahaney
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引用次数: 3

摘要

岩石、沙子和淤泥中的有机矿物化学涂层,直到最近才被低估,提供了丰富的古环境记录,这些记录来源于不同时间段内的化学和生物矿物风化。从年轻(全新世)样本中的薄风化膜到更新世和更老年龄(有些甚至早于中新世和晚渐新世)的再生砂/岩屑中较厚、经常套印的记录,古土壤中的岩石屑以及砂和淤泥都有各种详细的记录。虽然地球上的地壳仅限于古近纪晚期/新第三纪,但火星上的类似例子延伸到挪亚纪(~4 Ga)。这里概述的新研究表明,涂层往往会产生有利于微生物生长的改变的微表面,化石形式存在于各种不同的微环境中,包括极端极地和热带地区。古土壤中沙子上的有机化学涂层揭示了丰富的生物标志物,这些生物标志物在从极地到赤道的古环境重建中具有重要意义。这里揭示的岩石表面在微观世界中具有风化带,这些风化带通常与并置的古土壤非常相似,后者具有成熟的a/B/C/Cu水平带,这表明影响基底的风化力被微调为作用于表面沉积物中碎屑的类似动力。在一些地壳和古土壤记录中,还发现了对岩石地壳的风和宇宙空气爆发输入,以及导致粘土矿物重建的Si/Al残骸的化学重建。使用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜/能量色散光谱仪、聚焦离子束和二次离子质谱仪对这些涂层进行分析,提供了揭示更多次生有机矿物化合物的前景,其与原生矿物风化的关系对于理解成土和成岩过程具有重要意义。当接受高分辨率显微镜检查时,随着时间的推移,环境变化的总和,写入或嵌入到表层和沙子/淤泥涂层中,提供了纳米级及以上的新型矿物档案。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Paleoenvironmental Archives in Rock Rinds and Sand/Silt Coatings
Organo-mineral chemical coatings in rock rinds and sands and silts, underappreciated research until recently, offer a wealth of paleoenvironmental records derived from chemical and biomineral weathering over varying time frames. Rock rinds as well as sands and silts in paleosols carry various detailed records ranging from thin weathered films in young (Holocene) samples to thicker, often overprinted records in recycled sands/rinds of Pleistocene and older age, some as old as Miocene and Late Oligocene. Whereas rinds on Earth are confined to the Late Paleogene/Neogene, similar examples on Mars extend into the Noachian (∼4 Ga). New research outlined here shows that coatings tend to produce altered microsurfaces conducive to microbe growth with fossil forms found in a variety of different microenvironments, including extreme polar and tropical locales. Organo-chemical coatings on sands in paleosols reveal a wealth of biomarkers important in paleoenvironmental reconstruction from pole to equator. Rock rinds, revealed here, are shown to carry weathering zones in microcosm that often bear a close similarity to juxtaposed paleosols, the latter carrying mature A/B/C/Cu horizonation, indicating that weathering forces affecting a substrate are fine-tuned to similar kinetic forces acting on clasts in surface deposits. Aeolian and cosmic airburst inputs to rock rinds and chemical reconstruction of Si/Al wreckages leading to clay mineral reconstruction are also found in some rind and paleosol records. Analyses of such coatings using the light microscope, scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectrometer, focused ion beam, and secondary ion mass spectrometer offer the prospect of revealing still more secondary organo-mineral compounds, whose relation to primary mineral weathering is of importance to understanding pedogenic and diagenetic processes. The sum total of environmental change over time, written or embedded in rinds and sand/silt coatings, when subjected to high-resolution microscopy offers a novel mineral archive at the nanometer level and above.
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来源期刊
Accounts of Chemical Research
Accounts of Chemical Research 化学-化学综合
CiteScore
31.40
自引率
1.10%
发文量
312
审稿时长
2 months
期刊介绍: Accounts of Chemical Research presents short, concise and critical articles offering easy-to-read overviews of basic research and applications in all areas of chemistry and biochemistry. These short reviews focus on research from the author’s own laboratory and are designed to teach the reader about a research project. In addition, Accounts of Chemical Research publishes commentaries that give an informed opinion on a current research problem. Special Issues online are devoted to a single topic of unusual activity and significance. Accounts of Chemical Research replaces the traditional article abstract with an article "Conspectus." These entries synopsize the research affording the reader a closer look at the content and significance of an article. Through this provision of a more detailed description of the article contents, the Conspectus enhances the article's discoverability by search engines and the exposure for the research.
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