New postcranial remains of ground sloths (Xenarthra, Folivora, Mylodontidae) from Southern Brazil

Diagnoses of Mylodontidae species are generally based on skull, mandibular, and tooth characteristics, and rarely on postcranial morphology, due to the lack of postcranial material associated with the cranial material. The studies of postcranial anatomy have generally a biomechanical focus and reflect a set of functions of skeletal structures, but their interpretation in phylogenetic analysis is still limited. In Pleistocene deposits of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, an important set of postcranial specimens was collected, belonging to Mylodontidae. They were morphologically and morphometrically analyzed, allowing us to observe some diagnostic characters such as the humeral entepicondylar foramen and crests, shape of the radial shaft, angle of distal articulation of the tibia, as well as the angle of proximal articulation of the astragalus. The material was also compared with specimens from other South American localities. Most of the remains were assigned to Glossotherium robustum and Lestodon armatus. In addition, a new Scelidotheriinae was recorded for Rio Grande do Sul State. The study indicated significant differences in the postcranial morphology, which allowed the recognition of some specific diagnostic characters. Keywords: Mylodontinae, Scelidotheriinae, hindlimb, forelimb, Pleistocene, Rio Grande do Sul.