Progress in Reducing Indoor Tobacco Smoke Pollution Toward the Establishment of Kabupaten/Kota Layak Anak: Evidence From the 2012 and 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Surveys

In 2017, only about 26.68 percent of Indonesian households were smoke-free. Previous research established a relationship between the health of children under five and indoor tobacco smoke pollution. According to Presidential Regulation 25 of 2021, some indicators that should be met for establishing a child-friendly city/ regency (KLA) are the child's rights to health and family environment. Data from the Indonesia Demographic and Health Surveys (IDHS) 2012 and 2017 assessed progress toward smoke-free homes by evaluating the interaction between child age and indoor tobacco smoking at the urban-rural area and regional levels. T-test analysis was used to determine the statistical significance. Findings revealed a higher prevalence of indoor tobacco smoking in rural areas. Over time, the prevalence of indoor tobacco smoking in Indonesian rural areas decreased by 0.84 percent. There was no significant reduction in Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara, or Maluku-Papua. Furthermore, Sulawesi experienced a significant increase of approximately 4.54 percent. From 2012 to 2017, the prevalence of indoor tobacco smoking was higher in households with children under five, home crowding, poor households, and households with a low education household head. Therefore, interventions should focus on rural areas. City/regency governments in Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku-Papua should be more concerned about indoor tobacco smoke pollution. Raising family awareness about the dangers of indoor tobacco smoke pollution could be targeted at households with children under the age of five, overcrowded households, low-income households, and households with a low-education household head.