核结构前的原子序数与同位素:化学与物理的多重标准与演化合作

IF 1.8 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Jordi Cat, Nicholas W. Best
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引用次数: 2

摘要

我们提供了在质子和中子发现之前原子序数和同位素概念的详细历史,这些概念引起了人们对化学和物理研究中多种目标和标准不断发展的相互作用的关注。关注弗雷德里克·索迪和欧内斯特·卢瑟福的研究,我们表明,在不同学科项目的背景下,采用复杂和不断变化的元素同一性概念和元素周期表的排序作用导致了相对连贯的原子序数概念。随后对二级文献中仍被忽视的价电子和核电荷的关注导致了元素同一性和重量概念的解耦,并使同位素的概念得以连贯。这个概念从放射性元素分解系列及其不稳定的化学特性的实证研究中得到了动机。化学秩序的新模式是化学和物理研究项目之间不断合作的结果,其目标和标准不断发展。在关键概念得到解决,它们的领域得到澄清之后,化学和物理恢复了独立的研究项目,但仍然受到新接受的解释关系的约束。这是一个科学合作和部分整合的插曲,没有简单的、大规模的格式塔转换或化学革命。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。

Atomic number and isotopy before nuclear structure: multiple standards and evolving collaboration of chemistry and physics

Atomic number and isotopy before nuclear structure: multiple standards and evolving collaboration of chemistry and physics

We provide a detailed history of the concepts of atomic number and isotopy before the discovery of protons and neutrons that draws attention to the role of evolving interplays of multiple aims and criteria in chemical and physical research. Focusing on research by Frederick Soddy and Ernest Rutherford, we show that, in the context of differentiating disciplinary projects, the adoption of a complex and shifting concept of elemental identity and the ordering role of the periodic table led to a relatively coherent notion of atomic number. Subsequent attention to valency, still neglected in the secondary literature, and to nuclear charge led to a decoupling of the concepts of elemental identity and weight and allowed for a coherent concept of isotopy. This concept received motivation from empirical investigations on the decomposition series of radioelements and their unstable chemical identity. A new model of chemical order was the result of an ongoing collaboration between chemical and physical research projects with evolving aims and standards. After key concepts were considered resolved and their territories were clarified, chemistry and physics resumed autonomous projects, yet remained bound by newly accepted explanatory relations. It is an episode of scientific collaboration and partial integration without simple, wholesale gestalt switches or chemical revolutions.

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来源期刊
Foundations of Chemistry
Foundations of Chemistry HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE-
自引率
22.20%
发文量
35
期刊介绍: Foundations of Chemistry is an international journal which seeks to provide an interdisciplinary forum where chemists, biochemists, philosophers, historians, educators and sociologists with an interest in foundational issues can discuss conceptual and fundamental issues which relate to the `central science'' of chemistry. Such issues include the autonomous role of chemistry between physics and biology and the question of the reduction of chemistry to quantum mechanics. The journal will publish peer-reviewed academic articles on a wide range of subdisciplines, among others: chemical models, chemical language, metaphors, and theoretical terms; chemical evolution and artificial self-replication; industrial application, environmental concern, and the social and ethical aspects of chemistry''s professionalism; the nature of modeling and the role of instrumentation in chemistry; institutional studies and the nature of explanation in the chemical sciences; theoretical chemistry, molecular structure and chaos; the issue of realism; molecular biology, bio-inorganic chemistry; historical studies on ancient chemistry, medieval chemistry and alchemy; philosophical and historical articles; and material of a didactic nature relating to all topics in the chemical sciences. Foundations of Chemistry plans to feature special issues devoted to particular themes, and will contain book reviews and discussion notes. Audience: chemists, biochemists, philosophers, historians, chemical educators, sociologists, and other scientists with an interest in the foundational issues of science.
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