Initial biological development of a newly established side channel at the Lower Rhine

Within the EU LIFE-Nature project ‘River and floodplain revitalisation Emmericher Ward’, three small temporary waters and a former gravel pit were connected by a side channel running parallel to the river Rhine through former groyne fields. The initial status of macrozoobenthos, fish, avifauna, flora, vegetation, and habitats before and their development after implementation of the project's measures were recorded and compared. The monitoring years 2018 and 2019 were exceptionally dry and accompanied by an extremely low runoff in the Rhine and the side channel. These conditions likely affected the development of habitats and species populations in the new side channel. The new side channel showed intensive morphodynamic development and differentiation of its structures. While the more complex vegetation and habitat types appeared as mostly species-poor initial stages, short-lived species-rich pioneer habitats such as annual mud banks in the water exchange area were already established. Two years after the implementation, the benthic invertebrate fauna was still predominantly species-poor and dominated by neozoans. Occasionally, representatives of the more sensitive EPT fauna (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) were already detected but were, in general, strongly underrepresented in the main stream. Low colonisation potential, nonpermanent flow, and lack of river wood limit the development of the macrozoobenthos community. The relative abundance of rheophilic fish species increased in the project area and high juvenile fish densities proved the function as a nursery habitat. As pioneer species of riverine landscapes, sand martins and little ringed plovers colonised the new structures already in the first year. The initial state of the side channel represented a typical dynamic pioneer habitat pattern of a sandy lowland river, which was almost absent in the Lower Rhine area. The new habitats were quickly colonised by pioneer flora and fauna, but the potential for more demanding and complex communities was restricted by the poor structural and biological states of the Lower Rhine.