田间作物除草剂的胁迫与使用

IF 0.4 Q4 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
M. Radchenko, I. Ponomareva, I. Pozynych, Y. Morderer
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引用次数: 5

摘要

当除草剂在自然条件下组合或在胁迫条件下施用(例如干旱)时,其作用效率可能会降低,从而导致相当大的产量损失。原因是另一种除草剂或压力源可以触发杂草植物的适应机制,它们能够存活下来,导致杂草侵扰。特别是,它适用于乙酰辅酶A羧化酶抑制剂或所谓的禾谷酰胺类除草剂,这些除草剂仅对杂草控制有效。这类除草剂的效率在很大程度上取决于环境,当与除草剂结合使用时,其对双子叶杂草的效率往往会降低。事实证明,这是因为它们的最终植物毒性并不是由作用位点(除草剂靶标)的水平决定的,而是取决于除草剂诱导的发病机制的阶段——由于除草剂与其作用位点之间的相互作用而发生的过程。杂草的应激反应可能参与除草剂诱导的发病机制。已知植物以非特异性应激反应的形式对各种非生物应激源的作用作出反应,根据应激源作用的强度和持续时间,植物要么适应,要么死亡。目前有足够的数据表明,程序性细胞死亡(PCD)参与了除草剂诱导的发病机制。活性氧(ROS)在特定类别的除草剂中诱导PCD。ROS和PCD参与除草剂诱导的发病机制,可以对除草剂的植物毒性作用产生靶向作用,例如,通过除草剂与可能的PCD诱导剂和促氧化剂的联合应用。非特异性反应在除草剂植物毒性作用发展中的作用在除草剂应用下的交叉适应(激活抗氧化防御)和交叉协同(激活氧化应激)现象中得到了证实。基于我们自己的研究和文献数据,讨论了交叉适应和交叉协同在干旱条件下应用除草剂以及确定除草剂复合物中相互作用性质的重要性。特别是,该综述讨论了ACC酶除草剂由于在干旱条件下的交叉适应现象以及与乙酰乳酸合成酶抑制剂除草剂联合使用而降低的植物毒性。研究结果表明,由于使用了具有促氧化特性的物质以及抗氧化酶超氧化物黑素酶的抑制剂,除草剂混合物(ACC酶和ALS抑制剂)中的拮抗作用降低。另一方面,我们分析了除草剂ACC酶抑制剂与具有抗氧化特性的除草剂——电子转运蛋白光系统2(FS2)叶绿体抑制剂和原卟啉原氧化酶(PROTOX)抑制剂——联合使用增加植物毒性的可能性。它为开发小麦和洋葱田的高效除草剂组合物奠定了基础。在组合除草剂时,由于靶标抗性的传播问题,协同作用问题变得越来越重要,因为为了防止这种类型的抗性,有必要将具有不同植物毒性机制的除草剂组合在一起。所提供的数据表明,抗氧化防御系统的活性增加是杂草对非生物应激源作用进行长期进化适应的结果,是对除草剂产生非靶标抗性的一个因素。讨论了防止非特异性应激反应对除草剂效率的负面影响的可能方法,以及杂草化学防治方法的前景。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Stress and use of herbicides in field crops
When herbicides are combined under natural conditions or applied in stress conditions (drought, for instance), the efficiency of their action may decrease which results in considerable yield losses. The reason thereto is that another herbicide or stressor can trigger the adaptation mechanism in weed plants, and they survive, resulting in weed infestation. In particular, it applies to such herbicides as acetyl-CoA-carboxylase inhibitors or so- called graminicides, which are effective only for grass weeds control. The efficiency of this groups of herbi- cides is heavily dependent on the environment and often decreases when combined with herbicides, efficient against dicotyledon weeds. It turns out that this occurs due to the fact their final phytotoxicity is not determined at the level of the site of action (herbicide target) but depends on the stage of herbicide-induced pathogenesis – processes, occurring due to the interaction between the herbicide and its site of action. The stress response of the weeds may make its contribution into herbicide-induced pathogenesis. Plants are known to respond to the action of various abiotic stressors in the form of non-specific stress response and depending on the intensity and duration of the stressor’s action, a plant either adapts or dies. At present there are sufficient data, demonstrating that programmed cell death (PCD) is involved in the herbicide-induced pathogenesis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce PCD in specific classes of herbicides. The participation of ROS and PCD in herbicide-induced pathogenesis allows for targeted effects on the phytotoxic action of herbicides, for instance, via combined application of herbicides with possible PCD inducers and prooxidants. The confirmation of the role of non- specific response in the development of phytotoxic action of herbicides is found in the phenomena of cross- adaptation (activation of antioxidant defense) and cross-synergism (activation of oxidative stress) under the application of herbicides. Based on our own research and literature data, the importance of cross-adaptation and cross-synergism in applying herbicides in drought conditions and to determine the nature of the interac- tion in herbicide complexes is discussed. In particular, the review discusses the reduction of phytotoxicity of the ACCase herbicides due to the phenomenon of cross-adaptation in drought conditions and in combination with herbicides, which are acetolactate synthase inhibitors. The results of investigations were presented about the reduction of antagonism in the mixtures of herbicides, which are ACCase and ALS inhibitors, because of the use of substances with prooxidant properties, as well as the inhibitor of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. On the other hand, we analyzed the possibility of increasing the phytotoxic effect of herbicides, ACCase inhibitors, in combination with herbicides with prooxidant properties – inhibitors of electron transport in Photosystem 2 (FS 2) chloroplasts and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) inhibitors. It became the foundation for the elaboration of efficient herbicide compositions for wheat and onion fields. While combining herbicides, the issue of synergism is becoming relevant due to the problem of the spread of target-site resis- tance, since, to prevent this type of resistance, it is necessary to combine herbicides with different mechanisms of phytotoxicity. The presented data demonstrate that the increased activity of antioxidant defense systems, which is the result of a long process of evolutionary adaptation of weeds to the action of abiotic stressors, is an element of non-target-site-based resistance to herbicides. Possible ways to prevent the negative impact of non-specific stress response on the efficiency of herbicides, as well as the prospects of the chemical method of weeds control are discussed.
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Agricultural Science and Practice
Agricultural Science and Practice AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
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