Chaerin Park, Sujong Jeong, Moon-Soo Park, Hoonyoung Park, Jeongmin Yun, Sang-Sam Lee, Sung-Hwa Park
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Therefore, this study investigates the spatiotemporal variations of urban CO<sub>2</sub> flux over the Seoul Capital Area, South Korea from 2017 to 2018, using CO<sub>2</sub> flux measurements at nine sites with different urban land-use types (baseline, residential, old town residential, commercial, and vegetation areas).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Annual CO<sub>2</sub> flux significantly varied from 1.09 kg C m<sup>− 2</sup> year<sup>− 1</sup> at the baseline site to 16.28 kg C m<sup>− 2</sup> year<sup>− 1</sup> at the old town residential site in the Seoul Capital Area. Monthly CO<sub>2</sub> flux variations were closely correlated with the vegetation activity (r = − 0.61) at all sites; however, its correlation with building energy usage differed for each land-use type (r = 0.72 at residential sites and r = 0.34 at commercial sites). Diurnal CO<sub>2</sub> flux variations were mostly correlated with traffic volume at all sites (r = 0.8); however, its correlation with the floating population was the opposite at residential (r = − 0.44) and commercial (r = 0.80) sites. Additionally, the hourly CO<sub>2</sub> flux was highly related to temperature. At the vegetation site, as the temperature exceeded 24 ℃, the sensitivity of CO<sub>2</sub> absorption to temperature increased 7.44-fold than that at the previous temperature. Conversely, the CO<sub>2</sub> flux of non-vegetation sites increased when the temperature was less than or exceeded the 18 ℃ baseline, being three-times more sensitive to cold temperatures than hot ones. On average, non-vegetation urban sites emitted 0.45 g C m<sup>− 2</sup> h<sup>− 1</sup> of CO<sub>2</sub> throughout the year, regardless of the temperature.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our results demonstrated that most urban areas acted as CO<sub>2</sub> emission sources in all time zones; however, the CO<sub>2</sub> flux characteristics varied extensively based on urban land-use types, even within cities. 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引用次数: 4
摘要
城市是大气中二氧化碳的主要来源;然而，由于城市土地利用的高度异质性，了解决定每个城市排放的二氧化碳净通量的地表二氧化碳交换过程具有挑战性。基于此，本研究利用不同城市土地利用类型(基线、住宅、老城区住宅、商业和植被区)的9个地点的二氧化碳通量测量数据，对2017 - 2018年韩国首尔首都圈城市二氧化碳通量的时空变化进行了研究。结果CO2年通量从基线站点的1.09 kg C m−2 year−1显著变化到首都圈老城区住区站点的16.28 kg C m−2 year−1。月CO2通量变化与植被活动密切相关(r = - 0.61);然而，其与建筑能源使用的相关性在不同的土地利用类型中有所不同(住宅用地的r = 0.72，商业用地的r = 0.34)。各站点CO2日通量变化与交通流量的相关性最大(r = 0.8);然而，在居住(r = - 0.44)和商业(r = 0.80)地点，其与流动人口的相关性相反。此外，每小时CO2通量与温度高度相关。在植被点，当温度超过24℃时，CO2吸收对温度的敏感性比前温度提高了7.44倍。相反，当温度低于或超过18℃基线时，非植被样地的CO2通量增加，对低温的敏感性是高温的3倍。平均而言，无论温度如何，非植被城市站点全年排放的二氧化碳为0.45 g C m−2 h−1。结论研究结果表明，在所有时区，大部分城市地区都是CO2排放源;然而，二氧化碳通量特征因城市土地利用类型而有很大差异，甚至在城市内部也是如此。因此，不同土地利用类型的多重观测对于确定每个城市的综合二氧化碳循环，制定有效的城市二氧化碳减排政策至关重要。
Spatiotemporal variations in urban CO2 flux with land-use types in Seoul
Background
Cities are a major source of atmospheric CO2; however, understanding the surface CO2 exchange processes that determine the net CO2 flux emitted from each city is challenging owing to the high heterogeneity of urban land use. Therefore, this study investigates the spatiotemporal variations of urban CO2 flux over the Seoul Capital Area, South Korea from 2017 to 2018, using CO2 flux measurements at nine sites with different urban land-use types (baseline, residential, old town residential, commercial, and vegetation areas).
Results
Annual CO2 flux significantly varied from 1.09 kg C m− 2 year− 1 at the baseline site to 16.28 kg C m− 2 year− 1 at the old town residential site in the Seoul Capital Area. Monthly CO2 flux variations were closely correlated with the vegetation activity (r = − 0.61) at all sites; however, its correlation with building energy usage differed for each land-use type (r = 0.72 at residential sites and r = 0.34 at commercial sites). Diurnal CO2 flux variations were mostly correlated with traffic volume at all sites (r = 0.8); however, its correlation with the floating population was the opposite at residential (r = − 0.44) and commercial (r = 0.80) sites. Additionally, the hourly CO2 flux was highly related to temperature. At the vegetation site, as the temperature exceeded 24 ℃, the sensitivity of CO2 absorption to temperature increased 7.44-fold than that at the previous temperature. Conversely, the CO2 flux of non-vegetation sites increased when the temperature was less than or exceeded the 18 ℃ baseline, being three-times more sensitive to cold temperatures than hot ones. On average, non-vegetation urban sites emitted 0.45 g C m− 2 h− 1 of CO2 throughout the year, regardless of the temperature.
Conclusions
Our results demonstrated that most urban areas acted as CO2 emission sources in all time zones; however, the CO2 flux characteristics varied extensively based on urban land-use types, even within cities. Therefore, multiple observations from various land-use types are essential for identifying the comprehensive CO2 cycle of each city to develop effective urban CO2 reduction policies.
期刊介绍：
Carbon Balance and Management is an open access, peer-reviewed online journal that encompasses all aspects of research aimed at developing a comprehensive policy relevant to the understanding of the global carbon cycle.
The global carbon cycle involves important couplings between climate, atmospheric CO2 and the terrestrial and oceanic biospheres. The current transformation of the carbon cycle due to changes in climate and atmospheric composition is widely recognized as potentially dangerous for the biosphere and for the well-being of humankind, and therefore monitoring, understanding and predicting the evolution of the carbon cycle in the context of the whole biosphere (both terrestrial and marine) is a challenge to the scientific community.
This demands interdisciplinary research and new approaches for studying geographical and temporal distributions of carbon pools and fluxes, control and feedback mechanisms of the carbon-climate system, points of intervention and windows of opportunity for managing the carbon-climate-human system.
Carbon Balance and Management is a medium for researchers in the field to convey the results of their research across disciplinary boundaries. Through this dissemination of research, the journal aims to support the work of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) and to provide governmental and non-governmental organizations with instantaneous access to continually emerging knowledge, including paradigm shifts and consensual views.
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