他人之死。论新自由主义死亡政治的叙事修辞

J. Grue
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引用次数: 0

摘要

安乐死和医生协助自杀(PAS)在残疾研究内外都是极具争议的话题,涉及结构性残疾歧视、歧视和自决权等问题。与安乐死不同,PAS合法化的常见辩护基于个人自由选择何时结束生命的权利。本文通过研究直接或间接解决PAS和自主选择问题的媒体和文化叙事的修辞,对这场辩论进行了干预。从生命政治的角度考虑这些叙事,我认为当代死亡政治叙事借鉴了一种特殊的修辞模式,称为“直言修辞”或反修辞。这种模式有助于将极度脆弱的个人的证词作为支持PAS合法化的极其可信的论据。此外,它产生的是同情,而不是认同这些叙事主体,确保正当的死亡与读者保持距离,安全地定位为他人的死亡。我进一步认为,这种叙事修辞支持了一种特殊的、新自由主义的自主性概念,在这种概念中,个体主体是动态的、理性的和自我指导的。在新自由主义死亡论的政治话语中,死亡的选择从根本上被视为个人明智决策的结果。在这个原子论的框架下,我运用了对生物政治残疾研究的分析,以有助于更好地理解历史、社会经济、文化和修辞力量,这些力量塑造了当代关于安乐死和PAS的辩论。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The Death of Others. On the Narrative Rhetoric of Neoliberal Thanatopolitics
Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS) are deeply controversial topics both within and beyond disability studies, involving issues of structural ableism, discrimination, and the right to self-determination. A common defence of the legalization of PAS, as distinct from euthanasia, rests on the right of an individual to freely choose when to end one's life. This essay makes an intervention in this debate by examining the rhetoric of media and cultural narratives that directly and indirectly address the issue of PAS and autonomous choice. Considering these narratives from a biopolitical point of view, I argue that contemporary thanatopolitical narratives draw on a particular rhetorical mode, known as "parrhesiastic rhetoric" or anti-rhetoric. This mode helps frame the testimony of extremely vulnerable individuals as a supremely credible argument in favor of the legalization of PAS. Moreover, it engenders sympathy rather than identification with these narrative subjects, ensuring that the death that is being justified remains at a distance from the reader, safely positioned as the death of others. I further argue that this narrative rhetoric supports a particular, neoliberal conception of autonomy, in which individual subjects are dynamic, rational and self-directing. In neoliberal thanatos political discourse, the choice to die is seen as fundamentally an outcome of individual, informed decision-making. Against this atomistic framework, I deploy the analyses of biopolitical disability studies to contribute to a better understanding of the historical, socio-economic, cultural, and rhetorical forces that shape contemporary debates over euthanasia and PAS.
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