What's new on the horizon for polycystic ovarian syndrome? Exploring emerging drugs in phase II.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) affects millions of women globally, and, depending on the diagnostic criteria used, PCOS has an estimated prevalence of between 7% to 17% of reproductive-aged women causing a range of symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles, excessive hair growth, weight gain, and infertility [1]. PCOS is characterized by a complex interplay of hormonal, metabolic, and reproductive disturbances. The syndrome’s underlying changes impact multiple systems, leading to several and complex clinical manifestations. One of the hallmark features of PCOS is hyperandrogenism which brings on symptoms like excessive hair growth, acne and alopecia. Anovulation and irregular menstrual cycles stem from the imbalance in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) triggered by androgen fluctuations. PCOS often involves both hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance, due to reduced sensitivity of target cells. These metabolic conditions over time lead to increased risk of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia development. The interplay between insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism intensifies the syndrome’s clinical symptoms. Abnormal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion has consequences of ovarian anovulation and cyst formation, resulting in unbalanced FSH and LH production.