SlTCP24 and SlTCP29 synergistically regulate compound leaf development through interacting with SlAS2 and activating transcription of SlCKX2 in tomato

• The complexity of compound leaves results primarily from the leaflet initiation and arrangement during leaf development. However, the molecular mechanism underlying compound leaf development remains a central research question.
• SlTCP24 and SlTCP29, two plant-specific transcription factors with the conserved TCP motif, are shown here to synergistically regulate compound leaf development in tomato. When both of them were knocked out simultaneously, the number of leaflets significantly increased, and the shape of the leaves became more complex. SlTCP24 and SlTCP29 could form both homodimers and heterodimers, and such dimerization was impeded by the leaf polarity regulator SlAS2, which interacted with SlTCP24 and SlTCP29.
• SlTCP24 and SlTCP29 could bind to the TCP-binding cis-element of the SlCKX2 promoter and activate its transcription. Transgenic plants with SlTCP24 and SlTCP29 double-gene knockout had a lowered transcript level of SlCKX2 and an elevated level of cytokinin.
• This work led to the identification of two key regulators of tomato compound leaf development and their targeted genes involved in cytokinin metabolic pathway. A model of regulation of compound leaf development was proposed based on observations of this study.