Toxicity of Polymeric Nanodrugs as Drug Carriers

The ambiguity of certain diseases and the potential toxicity of many medications have sparked demand for the incorporation and enhancement of drug delivery systems (DDSs). Nanomedicine has received renewed attention in modern medical advancements with therapeutic uses. Therefore, the development of nanomedicines for enhanced bioaccessibility, long drug administration, and dose reduction has advanced as a unique concept. Nanocapsules, nanoemulsions, drug nanocrystals, micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and polymeric nanoparticles (poly-NPs) are among the most effective nanomedicine techniques. Poly-NPs have emerged as a potential method to enhance drug pharmacokinetics. Pharmaceutical potency can be increased by using nanocarriers and medication formulations. The potential of poly-NPs to alter contemporary medicine has attracted significant interest; polymer adaptability makes them suitable for site-specific drug delivery requirements. However, little is known about their safety in long-term studies using high-pitched doses. These cells exhibit some extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) because of the reactivity and size reduction of the polymers chosen by using living cells other than the target. With an increased understanding of polymers and their properties, it is equally important to emphasize the safety and toxicity of DDSs. Some of the toxic effects of polymeric nanodrugs include an increase in the cytotoxicity of the cell, reduction in the feasibility of the cell, increase in the rate of programmed cell death (apoptosis), precursors for tumor formation, DNA destruction, gene toxicity, rupture of the cell membrane, and lipid peroxidation reactions. In this article, we discuss the toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) used in DDSs, including polylactide-co-glycolide, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, and poly(alkyl cyanoacrylates), used in DDSs.