大麻与慢性阻塞性肺病和新冠肺炎感染的关联。

Q1 Medicine
Steven Lehrer, Peter H. Rheinstein
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Although heavy exposure to cannabis might damage the lungs, reliable estimates of the effects of heavy use were not available in the 2012 study, as heavy users were relatively rare in the study population.</p><p>In the current analysis, we used data from UK Biobank (UKB) to assess the effect of cannabis on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection and to determine whether cannabis lung damage might facilitate COVID-19 infection in formerly heavy users.</p><p>The UKB is a large prospective observational study comprising about 500,000 men and women (<i>N</i> = 229,134 men, <i>N</i> = 273,402 women), more than 90% White, aged 40–69 years at enrollment. Participants were recruited from across 22 centers located throughout England, Wales, and Scotland, between 2006 and 2010, and continue to be longitudinally followed for capture of subsequent health events.<span><sup>2</sup></span> This methodology is like that of the Framingham Heart Study,<span><sup>3</sup></span> with the exception that the UKB program collects postmortem samples, which Framingham did not.</p><p>Our UKB application was approved as UKB project 57,245 (S.L. and P.H.R.).</p><p>Doctor-diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is from UKB data field 22,130. At enrollment, the subject was asked on a touchscreen, “Has a doctor ever told you that you have had any of the conditions below?” COPD was one of the options listed.</p><p>The subject was asked, “Have you taken cannabis (marijuana, grass, hash, ganja, blow, draw, skunk, weed, spliff, dope), even if it was a long time ago?” If the answer was “yes,” cannabis use was recorded in the UKB data field 20,454, maximum frequency of taking cannabis, question asked: “Considering when you were taking cannabis most regularly, how often did you take it?” Answers were 1 = <i>Less than once a month</i>, 2 = <i>Once a month or more, but not every week</i>, 3 = <i>Once a week or more, but not every day</i>, and 4 = <i>Every day</i>. Subject was then asked (UKB data field 20455) “About how old were you when you last had cannabis?”</p><p>All UKB subjects who had cannabis-use data, COVID-19 test data, and COPD data were included in the study.</p><p>Electronic linkage between UKB records and National Health Service COVID-19 laboratory test results in England were available from March 16 to April 26, 2020, including the peak of daily COVID-19 laboratory-confirmed cases in the current outbreak. During this period, testing of older groups was largely restricted to hospital inpatients with clinical signs of infection, so test positivity is considered a good marker of severe COVID-19.<span><sup>4</sup></span></p><p>Data processing was performed on Minerva, a Linux mainframe with Centos 7.6, at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. 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The effects of cannabis and pack-years smoking on COVID-19 test result were significant and independent.</p><p>Tobacco smoking increases the risk of lung infections, possibly including COVID-19. Smoking impairs the immune system and almost doubles the risk of tuberculosis. Smoking affects macrophages and cytokine response, and therefore the ability to contain infection. The risk for pneumococcal, legionella, and mycoplasma pneumonia infection is about three to five times higher in smokers.<span><sup>6</sup></span> In one study, current smokers were more likely to report symptoms, suggesting a diagnosis of COVID-19.<span><sup>7</sup></span></p><p>The effects of smoking cannabis are difficult to assess accurately and to distinguish from the effects of tobacco; nevertheless, cannabis use may cause severe lung damage. Cannabis smoke affects the lungs similarly to tobacco smoke, causing symptoms such as increased cough, sputum, and hyperinflation. 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引用次数: 1

摘要

在2012年的一项研究中,偶尔和少量累积使用大麻与肺功能的不良影响无关吸烟越多,空气流速和肺容量的损失就越大。大麻的使用情况并非如此。空气流量增加而不是减少,增加暴露于大麻达到一定水平。有助于解释烟草和大麻影响差异的一个重要因素是吸烟的数量。烟草使用者通常每天抽10到20支烟,有些人甚至更多。吸食大麻的人平均每个月只吸两到三次,所以大麻的平均暴露量远低于烟草。人们在十几岁和二十几岁的时候尝试大麻,有些人多年来吸食相对较少的大麻。虽然大量接触大麻可能会损害肺部,但2012年的研究没有对大量使用大麻的影响进行可靠的估计,因为重度使用者在研究人群中相对较少。在当前的分析中,我们使用了英国生物银行(UKB)的数据来评估大麻对冠状病毒病(COVID-19)感染的影响,并确定大麻肺损伤是否可能促进以前重度使用者的COVID-19感染。UKB是一项大型前瞻性观察性研究,包括约500,000名男性和女性(N = 229,134名男性,N = 273,402名女性),超过90%的白人,入组时年龄为40-69岁。2006年至2010年间,研究人员从英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰的22个中心招募了参与者,并对他们进行了纵向跟踪,以获取随后的健康事件这种方法类似于弗雷明汉心脏研究3,除了UKB项目收集的是死后样本,而弗雷明汉没有。我们的UKB申请被批准为UKB项目57,245 (S.L.和P.H.R.)。医生诊断的慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)来自UKB数据字段22130。在注册时,研究对象在触摸屏上被问到:“医生是否告诉过你,你有以下任何一种情况?”慢性阻塞性肺病是列出的选项之一。受试者被问到:“你吸过大麻(大麻、草、hash、ganja、blow、draw、skunk、weed、spliff、dope)吗,即使是很久以前的?”如果答案是“是”,则大麻使用记录在UKB数据字段20,454,吸食大麻的最大频率,问题是:“考虑到你最经常吸食大麻的时间,你吸食大麻的频率是多少?”答案是1 =每月不到一次,2 =每月一次以上,但不是每周一次,3 =每周一次以上,但不是每天,4 =每天。然后受试者被问及(UKB数据字段20455)“你最后一次吸食大麻的年龄是多少?”所有具有大麻使用数据、COVID-19测试数据和COPD数据的UKB受试者都被纳入研究。2020年3月16日至4月26日期间,UKB记录与英国国家卫生服务机构COVID-19实验室检测结果之间的电子链接可以使用,包括当前疫情中每日COVID-19实验室确诊病例的高峰期。在此期间,对老年人的检测主要局限于有临床感染症状的住院患者,因此检测阳性被认为是严重covid -19.4的良好标志。数据处理在西奈山伊坎医学院的Minerva(带有Centos 7.6的Linux主机)上进行。我们使用了UKB数据解析器(ukbb Parser),这是一个基于python的包,可以轻松地与大型UKB数据集进行接口。5 .受试者平均年龄为57±8.1岁(mean±SD)。54%是女性,46%是男性。98%是英国白人。受试者24±11年未吸食大麻(图1)。表1显示了20,996名受试者中大麻最大使用量与COPD发病率的关系。大麻使用的增加与COPD患病率的增加相关(p = 0.011, Fisher精确检验,双尾)。COVID-19检测结果与长期吸食大麻的对比见表2。大麻使用增加与COVID-19检测阳性增加相关(p = 0.026, Fisher精确检验,双尾)。表3显示了逻辑回归、COVID-19检测结果、因变量、曾经吸食大麻、包年吸烟和自变量。大麻和包年吸烟对COVID-19检测结果的影响显著且独立。吸烟会增加肺部感染的风险,可能包括COVID-19。吸烟损害免疫系统,使患肺结核的风险几乎增加一倍。吸烟影响巨噬细胞和细胞因子的反应,从而影响控制感染的能力。吸烟的人感染肺炎球菌、军团菌和肺炎支原体的风险大约高出三到五倍在一项研究中,当前吸烟者更有可能报告症状,这表明诊断为COVID-19。 7 .吸食大麻的影响难以准确评估,也难以与烟草的影响区分开来;然而,大麻的使用可能会导致严重的肺损伤。大麻烟雾对肺部的影响与烟草烟雾相似,会引起咳嗽、咳痰和恶性通货膨胀等症状。随着使用时间的增加,大麻会产生严重的肺部疾病。大麻可能会削弱免疫系统,导致肺炎。吸食大麻与慢性支气管炎的症状有关。大量使用大麻会导致气道阻塞和更糟糕的COVID-19结果然而,使用大麻可能会减少肺部炎症,抑制Covid-19感染中的病毒复制,在某些情况下会带来更好的结果。11,12如上所述,我们发现大麻和一包年吸烟对COVID-19检测结果的影响是显著且独立的(表3)。这表明,大麻和吸烟对肺部的破坏性影响是相加的,即使大麻已经十年或更长时间没有吸烟。我们的研究有缺点。COVID-19阳性检测结果与大麻使用有关(表2)。然而,我们没有大麻使用频率与COVID-19易感性相关的数据。在逻辑回归中(表3),更多的自变量将是值得的。此外,白人受试者的高发病率可能会影响结果。戒烟永远不会太晚。一个吸烟者一旦戒烟,他患癌症和其他疾病的几率就降低了我们的研究结果表明,大麻可能是类似的。戒烟15年后,患冠心病的风险与不吸烟者接近与心脏不同,肺部不会忘记吸入烟草或大麻的伤害,即使多年以后,但戒烟后肺部的损伤可能不会进一步增加。各州大麻政策的变化使其在医疗和娱乐用途上合法化,这表明大麻在我们的社会中赢得了越来越多的认可。因此,人们必须了解大麻对健康的不良影响随着大麻的使用越来越广泛,毫无疑问,更多的不良影响将会暴露出来。Steven Lehrer和Peter H. Rheinstein对这项研究贡献相同。作者声明无利益冲突。UK Biobank已经获得了覆盖英国的西北多中心研究伦理委员会(MREC)的批准。它还在英格兰和威尔士寻求患者信息咨询小组(PIAG)的批准,以获得允许它邀请人们参与的信息。此后,PIAG被国家卫生信息治理委员会取代;社会关怀(NIGB)。在苏格兰,英国生物银行获得了社区健康指数咨询小组(CHIAG)的批准。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。

Association of cannabis with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and COVID-19 infection

Association of cannabis with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and COVID-19 infection

In a 2012 study, occasional and low cumulative cannabis use was not associated with adverse effects on pulmonary function.1 With tobacco, the more used, the more loss of air flow rate and lung volume. The same was not true with cannabis use. Air flow rate increased rather than decreased with increased exposure to cannabis up to a certain level.

An important factor that helped explain the difference in effects from tobacco and cannabis was the amount of each that was smoked. Tobacco users typically smoked 10–20 cigarettes daily, some even more. Cannabis smokers, on average, smoked only two to three times a month, so the average exposure to cannabis was much lower than for tobacco. People experiment with cannabis in their late teens and 20s, and some consume relatively low levels for years. Although heavy exposure to cannabis might damage the lungs, reliable estimates of the effects of heavy use were not available in the 2012 study, as heavy users were relatively rare in the study population.

In the current analysis, we used data from UK Biobank (UKB) to assess the effect of cannabis on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection and to determine whether cannabis lung damage might facilitate COVID-19 infection in formerly heavy users.

The UKB is a large prospective observational study comprising about 500,000 men and women (N = 229,134 men, N = 273,402 women), more than 90% White, aged 40–69 years at enrollment. Participants were recruited from across 22 centers located throughout England, Wales, and Scotland, between 2006 and 2010, and continue to be longitudinally followed for capture of subsequent health events.2 This methodology is like that of the Framingham Heart Study,3 with the exception that the UKB program collects postmortem samples, which Framingham did not.

Our UKB application was approved as UKB project 57,245 (S.L. and P.H.R.).

Doctor-diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is from UKB data field 22,130. At enrollment, the subject was asked on a touchscreen, “Has a doctor ever told you that you have had any of the conditions below?” COPD was one of the options listed.

The subject was asked, “Have you taken cannabis (marijuana, grass, hash, ganja, blow, draw, skunk, weed, spliff, dope), even if it was a long time ago?” If the answer was “yes,” cannabis use was recorded in the UKB data field 20,454, maximum frequency of taking cannabis, question asked: “Considering when you were taking cannabis most regularly, how often did you take it?” Answers were 1 = Less than once a month, 2 = Once a month or more, but not every week, 3 = Once a week or more, but not every day, and 4 = Every day. Subject was then asked (UKB data field 20455) “About how old were you when you last had cannabis?”

All UKB subjects who had cannabis-use data, COVID-19 test data, and COPD data were included in the study.

Electronic linkage between UKB records and National Health Service COVID-19 laboratory test results in England were available from March 16 to April 26, 2020, including the peak of daily COVID-19 laboratory-confirmed cases in the current outbreak. During this period, testing of older groups was largely restricted to hospital inpatients with clinical signs of infection, so test positivity is considered a good marker of severe COVID-19.4

Data processing was performed on Minerva, a Linux mainframe with Centos 7.6, at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. We used the UKB Data Parser (ukbb parser), a python-based package that allows easy interfacing with the large UKB data set.5

Mean age of subjects was 57 ± 8.1 (mean ± SD). Fifty-four percent were women and 46% were men. Ninety-eight percent were White British. Subjects had not smoked cannabis for 24 ± 11 years (Figure 1).

Cannabis maximum use versus COPD incidence in 20,996 subjects is shown in Table 1. Increasing cannabis use was associated with increased COPD prevalence (p = 0.011, Fisher's exact test, two tailed).

COVID-19 test result versus ever-taking cannabis is shown in Table 2. Increased cannabis use was associated with increased COVID-19 test positivity (p = 0.026, Fisher's exact test, two tailed).

Table 3 shows logistic regression, COVID-19 test result, dependent variable, ever-taking cannabis, pack-years smoking, and independent variables. The effects of cannabis and pack-years smoking on COVID-19 test result were significant and independent.

Tobacco smoking increases the risk of lung infections, possibly including COVID-19. Smoking impairs the immune system and almost doubles the risk of tuberculosis. Smoking affects macrophages and cytokine response, and therefore the ability to contain infection. The risk for pneumococcal, legionella, and mycoplasma pneumonia infection is about three to five times higher in smokers.6 In one study, current smokers were more likely to report symptoms, suggesting a diagnosis of COVID-19.7

The effects of smoking cannabis are difficult to assess accurately and to distinguish from the effects of tobacco; nevertheless, cannabis use may cause severe lung damage. Cannabis smoke affects the lungs similarly to tobacco smoke, causing symptoms such as increased cough, sputum, and hyperinflation. Cannabis can produce serious lung diseases with increasing years of use. Cannabis may weaken the immune system, leading to pneumonia. Smoking cannabis has been linked to symptoms of chronic bronchitis. Heavy use of cannabis can result in airway obstruction8 and worse COVID-19 outcome.9 Yet, cannabis use might reduce lung inflammation and inhibit viral replication10 in Covid-19 infections, leading to a better outcome in some cases.11, 12

As noted above, we found that the effects of cannabis and pack-years smoking on COVID-19 test result were significant and independent (Table 3). This suggests that the damaging effects of cannabis and smoking on the lung are additive, even though cannabis had not been smoked for a decade or more.

Our study has weaknesses. COVID-19-positive test results were related to cannabis use (Table 2). However, we did not have data relating the frequency of cannabis use to susceptibility COVID-19. In the logistic regression (Table 3), more independent variables would be worthwhile. Moreover, the high incidence of Caucasian subjects might influence the results.

It is never too late to quit smoking tobacco. As soon as a tobacco smoker quits, his chances are diminished of getting cancer and other diseases.13 Our findings imply that cannabis may be similar. Fifteen years after quitting tobacco, risk of coronary heart disease is close to that of a nonsmoker.14 Unlike the heart, the lung does not forget the insult from inhaled tobacco or cannabis, even many years later, but after quitting the lung damage may not further increase.

Changes in cannabis policies across states legalizing it for medical and recreational use suggest that cannabis is winning increased acceptance in our society. Thus, people must understand what is known about the adverse health effects of cannabis.15 As cannabis use becomes more widespread, no doubt more adverse effects will come to light.

Steven Lehrer and Peter H. Rheinstein contributed equally to this study.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

UK Biobank has approval from the Northwest Multi-center Research Ethics Committee (MREC), which covers the United Kingdom. It also sought the approval in England and Wales from the Patient Information Advisory Group (PIAG) for gaining access to information that would allow it to invite people to participate. PIAG has since been replaced by the National Information Governance Board for Health & Social Care (NIGB). In Scotland, UK Biobank has approval from the Community Health Index Advisory Group (CHIAG).

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来源期刊
CiteScore
6.70
自引率
0.00%
发文量
195
审稿时长
35 weeks
期刊介绍: This journal aims to promote progress from basic research to clinical practice and to provide a forum for communication among basic, translational, and clinical research practitioners and physicians from all relevant disciplines. Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, stroke, chronic respiratory diseases (such as asthma and COPD), chronic kidney diseases, and related translational research. Topics of interest for Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine include Research and commentary on models of chronic diseases with significant implications for disease diagnosis and treatment Investigative studies of human biology with an emphasis on disease Perspectives and reviews on research topics that discuss the implications of findings from the viewpoints of basic science and clinical practic.
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