VATA-ADL: The Visual Analogue Test for Anosognosia for Activities of Daily Living.

Objective: To study awareness of problems with one's own Activities of Daily Living (ADL) following stroke by means of a novel instrument-the Visual-Analogue Test for Anosognosia for Activities of Daily Living (VATA-ADL).

Methods: The new test overcomes some of the methodological problems of traditional structured interviews and self-rating questionnaires. In particular, to account for possible verbal communication difficulties, each question is illustrated by a drawing and a 4-point visual-analogue Likert scale. The patient's self-rating is compared with that given by informants (personal or professional caregiver) to acquire a measure of metacognition of one's own problems in performing everyday tasks.

Results: The VATA-ADL was validated in 61 dyads of older people and their informants. A group of 80 post-acute stroke patients and their informants then completed the test. Informant ratings correlated highly with traditional ADL scales, the questionnaire items showed high internal consistency (α = .95) and loaded onto one factor. By comparison to informants' assessments, the patients showed a generally poor appreciation of their functional disabilities. Thirty-nine patients overestimated their abilities (anosognosia) whereas nine showed underestimation of their abilities.

Conclusions: Anosognosia (overestimation of abilities) for ADL is frequent, even in post-acute stages post-stroke. Some other patients underestimated their abilities, indicating that poor metacognition of one's own abilities in brain damaged patients is bi-directional. Both types of misestimation may have clinical consequences worth considering for the wellbeing of patients and their carers.