解读共生共生和致病共生的进化机制。

Pub Date : 2008-01-01
M K Nishiguchi, A M Hirsch, R Devinney, G Vedantam, M A Riley, L M Mansky
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引用次数: 0

摘要

互惠共生和致病性共生之间的连续性一直是理解真核微生物关联中感染和疾病进化的潜在主题。监测和预测传染病传播的能力可能取决于我们的知识和通过研究相关的良性共生来预测毒性病原体行为的能力。例如,共生物种在易感宿主中感染、定植和有效增殖的能力将取决于感染期间影响双方的许多因素。毒力水平不仅受共生体的遗传和表型组合的影响,还受生活史、传播方式和影响定植的环境因素(如抗生素治疗)的影响。宿主和共生体的种群动态,包括密度、迁移以及共生体之间的竞争也会影响病原体的感染率,并改变宿主和共生体之间的进化动态。因此,重要的是能够比较广泛的互惠和致病系统之间的毒力演变,以确定何时何地可能发生新的感染,以及什么条件会使病原体无效。这一观点侧重于几种共生模型,这些模型将互惠关联与致病形式进行比较,并提出有关其进化和辐射的问题。这些系统的一个共同主题是流行的概念,即可遗传的突变如何最终导致新的表型和最终的新物种。
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Deciphering Evolutionary Mechanisms Between Mutualistic and Pathogenic Symbioses.

The continuum between mutualistic and pathogenic symbioses has been an underlying theme for understanding the evolution of infection and disease in a number of eukaryotic-microbe associations. The ability to monitor and then predict the spread of infectious diseases may depend upon our knowledge and capabilities of anticipating the behavior of virulent pathogens by studying related, benign symbioses. For instance, the ability of a symbiotic species to infect, colonize, and proliferate efficiently in a susceptible host will depend on a number of factors that influence both partners during the infection. Levels of virulence are not only affected by the genetic and phenotypic composite of the symbiont, but also the life history, mode(s) of transmission, and environmental factors that influence colonization, such as antibiotic treatment. Population dynamics of both host and symbiont, including densities, migration, as well as competition between symbionts will also affect infection rates of the pathogen as well as change the evolutionary dynamics between host and symbiont. It is therefore important to be able to compare the evolution of virulence between a wide range of mutualistic and pathogenic systems in order to determine when and where new infections might occur, and what conditions will render the pathogen ineffective. This perspective focuses on several symbiotic models that compare mutualistic associations to pathogenic forms and the questions posed regarding their evolution and radiation. A common theme among these systems is the prevailing concept of how heritable mutations can eventually lead to novel phenotypes and eventually new species.

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