Comparison of CRISPR and adenovirus-mediated Myd88 knockdown in RAW 264.7 cells and responses to lipopolysaccharide stimulation.

Genomic manipulation offers the possibility for novel therapies in lieu of medical interventions in use today. The ability to genetically restore missing inflammatory genes will have a monumental impact on our current immunotherapy treatments. This study compared the efficacy of two different genetic manipulation techniques: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) transfection to adenoviral transduction to determine which method would provide the most transient and stable knockdown of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88). MyD88 is a major regulator of nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) pathway in Raw 264.7 macrophages. Following genetic manipulation, cells were treated for 24 h with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate the inflammatory pathway. Confirmation of knockdown was determined by western immunoblotting and quantification of band density. Both CRISPR/Cas9 and adenoviral transduction produced similar knockdown efficiency (~64% and 60%, respectively) in MyD88 protein 48 h post adenoviral transduction. NFκB phosphorylation was increased in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated MyD88 knockdown and control cells, but not in adenovirus-mediated MyD88 knockdown cells, following LPS administration. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated MyD88 knockdown macrophages treated with LPS for 24 h showed a 65% reduction in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) secretion, and a 67% reduction in interleukin-10 (IL-10) secretion when compared to LPS-stimulated control cells (P ≤ 0.01 for both). LPS did not stimulate TNFα or IL-10 secretion in adenovirus-mediated control or MyD88 knockdown cells. These data demonstrate that Raw 264.7 macrophages maintain responsiveness to inflammatory stimuli following CRISPR/Cas9-mediated reductions in MyD88, but not following adenovirus-mediated MyD88 knockdown.