Increasing the clinical interpretability of PHQ-9 through equipercentile linking with health utility values by EQ-5D-3L.

In our recent paper, we presented the results of the equipercentile linking analysis between the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the EuroQol Five Dimentions Three Levels (EQ5D3L) in order to increase the clinical interpretability of the PHQ-9 scores and their changes. Our paper was based on the clinical approach to linking that has been applied to various scales in psychiatry. 3 Drs Franklin and Young made some important comments on our approach and we will try our best to clarify the concerns they raise. Drs Franklin and Young cite the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) Good Practices for Outcomes Research Task Force Report for studies mapping nonpreferencebased measures of health to generic preferencebased measures. This guideline was prepared mainly for mapping exercises ‘to inform a specific costeffectiveness analysis’ (p. 19). Thus, their items are often concerned with the matching between a dataset that allowed mapping and a dataset for economic analysis. However, the purpose of our study was not to perform any specific costeffectiveness analysis. The ISPOR report recommends regression methods, and many of their reporting items are about the details of the regression models. However, there are good arguments that equipercentile linking is superior to the regression methods for the purpose of scalealignment, mainly due to regression to the mean inherent in any regression models. We used the equipercentile linking, a nonparametric approach that makes no distinction between independent or dependent variables for our more general purpose to link PHQ-9 scores with health utility values. Our model therefore did not adjust for covariates. It is then important to describe the samples on which the linking was performed, as we did in our report: participants of internet cognitive behavioural therapy trials, mainly in their 30s through 50s and predominantly female, without specific physical comorbidities. Their baseline depression severity ranged equally through subthreshold, mild, moderate and severe depression. We agree with Drs Franklin and Young, and undoubtedly with many others, that depression is only one aspect of quality of life and that any mapping from only one domain to the whole construct can be misleading. It is appropriate to remember that the correlations between PHQ-9 and EQ5D3L were 0.5 at best in our sample and could have been lower if we included more variable samples. Any linking based on such data cannot be strong enough for individual prediction, but must be used judiciously for grouplevel evaluations. We discussed such limitations in our original publication. Whether regression models would allow more exact prediction remains an empirical question. By including strong covariates and by improving the conceptual overlap with a preferencebased instrument they may, and we agree with Drs Franklin and Young that we need to compare such models with the equipercentile approach, with due attention to the usability of any complex models. In the meanwhile, we hope that our equipercentile linking would contribute to the interpretability of the PHQ-9, one of the most commonly used measures of depression severity, in terms of the more generic health utility values.