体外分泌物和粘膜组织对HIV的体液和细胞免疫反应的评价。

Q4 Medicine
Steffanie Sabbaj, Jiri Mestecky
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引用次数: 0

摘要

生殖道和肠道的粘膜免疫系统是HIV-1最常进入的部位,与全身免疫室表现出显著的免疫学差异,这在评估对HIV-1的体液和细胞免疫应答时必须考虑到。在评价和解释体液免疫反应时,必须考虑到来自生殖器和肠道的液体以及血浆中Ig同种型、其水平、分子形式和不同的效应功能的显著差异。由于igg含量的低水平和高度显著的变化,hiv -1特异性抗体浓度应始终与给定同种型的总igg水平相关。这种做法将避免由于收集的液体体积小和在收集和处理外部分泌物样品时样品稀释而不可避免的差异。此外,应使用适当的对照和免疫化学分析来补充和确认ELISA产生的结果,ELISA容易产生假阳性。在评估抗体介导的外分泌液病毒中和作用时,必须采取预防措施和严格的控制措施,以排除先天体液因素的影响。由于从组织活检或细胞刷刮取中获得的细胞产量低,评估粘膜组织中细胞介导的免疫反应是困难的。此外,组织活检,例如直肠粘膜,只提供与该局部部位相关的信息,由于不同表型细胞分布的差异,不能提供适用于整个肠道的信息。重要的是,由于样品的可用性有限或无法获得频繁重复的组织活检,有关细胞反应动力学的研究很难进行。对于女性生殖道取样,平行收集经血和外周血可产生大量细胞,从而可以对其进行详细的表型和功能分析。与组织活组织检查相比,这种非创伤性的收集过程可以产生高细胞产量,并且每月重复取样,允许对女性生殖道和外周血中hiv -1特异性细胞反应的动力学和独特特征进行广泛和平行的功能研究。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Evaluation of Mucosal Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to HIV in External Secretions and Mucosal Tissues.

The mucosal immune systems of the genital and intestinal tracts as the most frequent sites of HIV-1 entry, display remarkable immunological differences from the systemic immune compartment which must be considered in the evaluation of humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV-1. Marked differences in the fluids from the genital and intestinal tracts and in plasma with respect to the Ig isotypes, their levels, molecular forms and distinct effector functions must be taken into consideration in the evaluation and interpretation of humoral immune responses. Because of the low levels and highly pronounced variation in Ig content, HIV-1-specific antibody concentrations should be always related to the levels of total Ig of a given isotype. This practice will avoid inevitable differences due to the small volumes of collected fluids and sample dilution during the collection and processing of samples from external secretions. Furthermore, appropriate controls and immunochemical assays should be used to complement and confirm results generated by ELISA, which is prone to false positivity. In the evaluation of antibody-mediated virus neutralization in external secretions, precautions and rigorous controls must be used to exclude the effect of innate humoral factors. The evaluation of cell-mediated immune responses in mucosal tissues is difficult due to the low yields of cells obtained from tissue biopsies or cytobrush scrapings. Furthermore, tissue biopsies of, for example rectal mucosa, provide information pertinent exclusively to this local site, which due to the differences in distribution of cells of different phenotypes, do not provide information generalized to the entire intestinal tract. Importantly, studies concerning the kinetics of cellular responses are difficult to perform due to the limited availability of samples or to the inability of obtaining frequent repeated tissue biopsies. For sampling the female genital tract parallel collection of menstrual and peripheral blood yields high numbers of cells that permit their detailed phenotypic and functional analyses. In contrast to tissue biopsies, this non-traumatic collection procedure, results in high cell yields and repeated monthly sampling permits extensive and parallel functional studies of kinetics and unique characteristics of HIV-1-specific cellular responses in the female genital tract and peripheral blood.

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来源期刊
Current Immunology Reviews
Current Immunology Reviews Medicine-Immunology and Allergy
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期刊介绍: Current Immunology Reviews publishes frontier reviews on all the latest advances in clinical immunology. The journal"s aim is to publish the highest quality review articles dedicated to clinical research in the field. The journal is essential reading for all researchers and clinicians in clinical immunology.
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