精神病理学的自下而上和自上而下的范式:半个世纪的奥德赛。

IF 17.8 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY
Thomas M Achenbach
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引用次数: 30

摘要

自下而上的范式优先考虑经验数据,从中得出精神病理学的概念化。这些范式使用多变量统计来识别倾向于同时发生的问题的综合征以及高阶分组,例如指定为内部化和外部化的问题。自底向上的评估工具对年龄在1岁半至90岁以上的人的行为、情感、社会和思想问题和长处进行自我评定和附带评定。人口样本评分提供了不同年龄、不同性别的综合征和高阶量表的规范,由不同的举报人评分,与多元文化规范有关。规范的评估工具将经验衍生的综合征和高阶分组应用于临床服务、研究和培训。因为交叉举报人的一致意见是适度的,没有一个举报人提供全面的评估数据,软件比较不同举报人的评级。自上而下的范式优先考虑精神病理学本质和结构的概念表征,如精神动力学、DSM/ICD和HiTOP范式。虽然这些范式起源于观察,但它们倾向于优先考虑概念表征而不是经验数据。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Paradigms for Psychopathology: A Half-Century Odyssey.

Bottom-up paradigms prioritize empirical data from which to derive conceptualizations of psychopathology. These paradigms use multivariate statistics to identify syndromes of problems that tend to co-occur plus higher-order groupings such as those designated as internalizing and externalizing. Bottom-up assessment instruments obtain self-ratings and collateral ratings of behavioral, emotional, social, and thought problems and strengths for ages 1½-90+. Ratings of population samples provide norms for syndrome and higher-order scales for each gender, at different ages, rated by different informants, in relation to multicultural norms. The normed assessment instruments operationalize the empirically derived syndromes and higher-order groupings for applications to clinical services, research, and training. Because cross-informant agreement is modest and no single informant provides comprehensive assessment data, software compares ratings by different informants. Top-down paradigms prioritize conceptual representations of the nature and structure of psychopathology, as exemplified by psychodynamic, DSM/ICD, and HiTOP paradigms. Although these paradigms originated with observations, they tend to prioritize conceptual representations over empirical data.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
31.50
自引率
0.50%
发文量
24
期刊介绍: The Annual Review of Clinical Psychology is a publication that has been available since 2005. It offers comprehensive reviews on significant developments in the field of clinical psychology and psychiatry. The journal covers various aspects including research, theory, and the application of psychological principles to address recognized disorders such as schizophrenia, mood, anxiety, childhood, substance use, cognitive, and personality disorders. Additionally, the articles also touch upon broader issues that cut across the field, such as diagnosis, treatment, social policy, and cross-cultural and legal issues. Recently, the current volume of this journal has transitioned from a gated access model to an open access format through the Annual Reviews' Subscribe to Open program. All articles published in this volume are now available under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), allowing for widespread distribution and use. The journal is also abstracted and indexed in various databases including Scopus, Science Citation Index Expanded, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Academic Search, among others.
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