Calcium Signaling in the Oligodendrocyte Lineage: Regulators and Consequences.

Cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage express a wide range of Ca²⁺ channels and receptors that regulate oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) and oligodendrocyte formation and function. Here we define those key channels and receptors that regulate Ca²⁺ signaling and OPC development and myelination. We then discuss how the regulation of intracellular Ca²⁺ in turn affects OPC and oligodendrocyte biology in the healthy nervous system and under pathological conditions. Activation of Ca²⁺ channels and receptors in OPCs and oligodendrocytes by neurotransmitters converges on regulating intracellular Ca²⁺, making Ca²⁺ signaling a central candidate mediator of activity-driven myelination. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that localized changes in Ca²⁺ in oligodendrocytes can regulate the formation and remodeling of myelin sheaths and perhaps additional functions of oligodendrocytes and OPCs. Thus, decoding how OPCs and myelinating oligodendrocytes integrate and process Ca²⁺ signals will be important to fully understand central nervous system formation, health, and function.