Raymond L Ownby, Drenna Waldrop-Valverde, Adarsh M Kumar, Deborah Jones, Benny Fernandez, Mahendra Kumar
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Given the relation of ANS activity to the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its role in cognitive functioning, changes in response to stress may be a factor in HIV-related cognitive dysfunction.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this study, we evaluated the NE and cortisol response of persons in three groups.</p><p><strong>Design/participants: </strong>We studied stress response in three groups: (1) those with HIV-1 infection and a history of injecting drug use (IDU), those with HIV-1 infection but no IDU, and a control group of uninfected individuals without a history of IDU. Stress was induced by administering a neuropsychological test known to induce an immediate increase in NE, the Stroop Color-Word Test. Blood samples were obtained immediately before and after participants completed the Stroop and then at two intervals over the next 20 minutes. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects repeated measures models.</p><p><strong>Main measures: </strong>Serum norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analyses showed that those with both HIV-1 infection and history of IDU had a significantly greater NE response to stress that did not return to baseline over 20 minutes compared to those without infection or IDU history. Epinephrine and cortisol responses followed similar patterns, but between-group differences were not statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The combination of history of IDU and HIV infection may produce an exaggerated neuroendocrine response that does not quickly return to baseline levels. Given the potential impact of these on cognitive and physical function in affected these individuals, implementing stress management techniques with them may be important.</p>","PeriodicalId":91542,"journal":{"name":"Journal of HIV and AIDS","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7006950/pdf/nihms-1052552.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"HIV-1 Infection, Injecting Drug Use, and Neuroendocrine Response to Psychological Stress.\",\"authors\":\"Raymond L Ownby, Drenna Waldrop-Valverde, Adarsh M Kumar, Deborah Jones, Benny Fernandez, Mahendra Kumar\",\"doi\":\"10.16966/2380-5536.167\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Previous studies have suggested that HIV-1 infection is associated with neuroendocrine abnormalities including alterations in autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. The norepinephrine (NE) response to cold pressor stress, an α-adrenergic challenge, is blunted in HIV-1 infection. Given the relation of ANS activity to the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its role in cognitive functioning, changes in response to stress may be a factor in HIV-related cognitive dysfunction.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this study, we evaluated the NE and cortisol response of persons in three groups.</p><p><strong>Design/participants: </strong>We studied stress response in three groups: (1) those with HIV-1 infection and a history of injecting drug use (IDU), those with HIV-1 infection but no IDU, and a control group of uninfected individuals without a history of IDU. Stress was induced by administering a neuropsychological test known to induce an immediate increase in NE, the Stroop Color-Word Test. Blood samples were obtained immediately before and after participants completed the Stroop and then at two intervals over the next 20 minutes. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects repeated measures models.</p><p><strong>Main measures: </strong>Serum norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analyses showed that those with both HIV-1 infection and history of IDU had a significantly greater NE response to stress that did not return to baseline over 20 minutes compared to those without infection or IDU history. Epinephrine and cortisol responses followed similar patterns, but between-group differences were not statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The combination of history of IDU and HIV infection may produce an exaggerated neuroendocrine response that does not quickly return to baseline levels. Given the potential impact of these on cognitive and physical function in affected these individuals, implementing stress management techniques with them may be important.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":91542,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of HIV and AIDS\",\"volume\":\"5 2\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2019-09-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7006950/pdf/nihms-1052552.pdf\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of HIV and AIDS\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.16966/2380-5536.167\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2019/9/30 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"Epub\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of HIV and AIDS","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2380-5536.167","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2019/9/30 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
背景:先前的研究表明,HIV-1 感染与神经内分泌异常有关,包括自律神经系统(ANS)活动的改变。在 HIV-1 感染中,去甲肾上腺素(NE)对冷压应激(一种α-肾上腺素能挑战)的反应减弱。考虑到 ANS 活性与下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴功能的关系及其在认知功能中的作用,应激反应的变化可能是导致 HIV 相关认知功能障碍的一个因素:在这项研究中,我们评估了三组人群的NE和皮质醇反应:我们研究了三组人群的应激反应:(1) 感染 HIV-1 并有注射吸毒史(IDU)的人群、感染 HIV-1 但无注射吸毒史的人群,以及无注射吸毒史的未感染人群对照组。通过施用一种已知会导致NE立即增加的神经心理测试--Stroop颜色-文字测试--来诱发压力。在参与者完成 Stroop 测试前后立即采集血液样本,然后在接下来的 20 分钟内分两次采集血液样本。数据采用混合效应重复测量模型进行分析:主要测量指标:血清去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和皮质醇:分析表明,与未感染或无注射吸毒史的人相比,同时感染 HIV-1 和有注射吸毒史的人对压力的去甲肾上腺素反应明显更大,且在 20 分钟内不会恢复到基线水平。肾上腺素和皮质醇的反应模式相似,但组间差异无统计学意义:结论:IDU 和 HIV 感染史的结合可能会产生夸张的神经内分泌反应,而且这种反应不会很快恢复到基线水平。鉴于这些反应对受影响人群的认知和身体功能的潜在影响,对他们实施压力管理技巧可能非常重要。
HIV-1 Infection, Injecting Drug Use, and Neuroendocrine Response to Psychological Stress.
Background: Previous studies have suggested that HIV-1 infection is associated with neuroendocrine abnormalities including alterations in autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. The norepinephrine (NE) response to cold pressor stress, an α-adrenergic challenge, is blunted in HIV-1 infection. Given the relation of ANS activity to the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its role in cognitive functioning, changes in response to stress may be a factor in HIV-related cognitive dysfunction.
Objective: In this study, we evaluated the NE and cortisol response of persons in three groups.
Design/participants: We studied stress response in three groups: (1) those with HIV-1 infection and a history of injecting drug use (IDU), those with HIV-1 infection but no IDU, and a control group of uninfected individuals without a history of IDU. Stress was induced by administering a neuropsychological test known to induce an immediate increase in NE, the Stroop Color-Word Test. Blood samples were obtained immediately before and after participants completed the Stroop and then at two intervals over the next 20 minutes. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects repeated measures models.
Main measures: Serum norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol.
Results: Analyses showed that those with both HIV-1 infection and history of IDU had a significantly greater NE response to stress that did not return to baseline over 20 minutes compared to those without infection or IDU history. Epinephrine and cortisol responses followed similar patterns, but between-group differences were not statistically significant.
Conclusions: The combination of history of IDU and HIV infection may produce an exaggerated neuroendocrine response that does not quickly return to baseline levels. Given the potential impact of these on cognitive and physical function in affected these individuals, implementing stress management techniques with them may be important.