Genetic tools for investigating Mucorales fungal pathogenesis.

Purpose of review: Mucormycosis is an emerging opportunistic fungal infection whose causative agents are found within the Mucorales family. A recent increase in immunocompromised cohorts with solid organ transplants, diabetes mellitus, and other medical conditions have resulted in increased fungal infections including mucormycosis. Our current knowledge about Mucoralean fungi is in its infancy compared to other fungal pathogens, which may be due to lack of robust genetic tools for Mucorales. In this review we summarize recent advances in genetic tools to study the two most prevalent and genetically amenable Mucoralean fungi, Mucor circinelloides and Rhizopus delemar.

Recent findings: There have been advances made in the study of Mucorales family genetics. These findings include the construction of recyclable markers to manipulate the genome, as well as silencing vectors, and the adaptation of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system.

Summary: We present how these genetic methods have been applied to understand basic biology, morphogenesis, pathogenesis, and host-pathogen interactions in the two Mucoralean fungi, M. circinelloides and R. delemar. With these advances in Mucorales the opportunity to further understand the pathogenesis of these organisms is opened.