Susceptibility genes for nontuberculous mycobacterial disease.

The number of patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease is reportedly increasing both in Japan and worldwide. NTM diseases are classified into disseminated and pulmonary diseases based on their clinical characteristics. These two types of NTM diseases are thought to be controlled by different mechanisms. Disseminated NTM disease is caused by a defect in signal transduction of Th1 cellular immune responses, including the IFN-γ/IL-12 axis. The precise molecular mechanisms of disseminated NTM disease are understood in detail. Pulmonary NTM disease progression is associated with both bacterial factors as well as host factors. Furthermore, it is suggested that some susceptibility genes for NTM diseases may also exist. A previous study on the susceptibility genes for pulmonary NTM disease was performed using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) analysis and microsatellite marker analysis. However, a number of challenges remain in terms of the reproducibility. The emergence of next generation sequencing enables genome-wide analysis, and further studies on the susceptibility genes for pulmonary NTM disease are expected in the future.