MOF-based materials for photo- and electrocatalytic CO2 reduction

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention in photo- and electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction into value-added chemicals. In this review, we specially focus on the active sites of MOF-based materials to achieve visible-light absorption and efficient charge separation for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, and conductivity for electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction, respectively. Firstly, the unique characteristics of MOF-based materials for catalytic CO₂ reduction are introduced. Subsequently, an overview on the recent progress and development of MOF-based materials for catalytic CO₂ reduction are summarized by categorizing the types of the MOF-based materials and the origin of the active sites. The active metal nodes/clusters and organic ligands can be assembled in pristine MOFs for catalytic CO₂ reduction. Diverse active species are also popular to integrate with MOFs to form MOF composites for catalytic CO₂ reduction. Besides, MOFs and their composites are intensively explored as templates and/or precursors to synthesize MOF derivatives for catalytic CO₂ reduction. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for further development towards MOF-based materials for CO₂ reduction are proposed. We have tried our best to summarize the MOF-based materials for photo- and electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction, aiming to inspire further ideas and exploration in this research field.