家畜的飞燕草中毒。

Journal of natural toxins Pub Date : 1999-02-01
J A Pfister, D R Gardner, K E Panter, G D Manners, M H Ralphs, B L Stegelmeier, T K Schoch
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引用次数: 0

摘要

飞燕草(Delphinium spp.)是一种含有大量二萜类生物碱的有毒植物,其结构类型有两种:(1)糖糖氨酸和(2)7,8-亚甲基二氧基糖糖氨酸(mdl型)。在甜菜碱型生物碱中,毒性最大的有3种N-(甲基琥珀酰亚胺)蒽醌型甜菜碱(msal型)生物碱:甲基甜菜碱(MLA)、14-去乙酰癸二库林(DAN)和癸二库林。C-18的酯功能是毒性的重要结构要求。由于肌肉和大脑中的尼古丁乙酰胆碱受体被有毒的生物碱阻断,导致神经肌肉麻痹。临床症状包括呼吸困难、心跳急促和不规则、肌肉无力和虚脱。高云雀的有毒生物碱浓度一般随着成熟而下降,但生物碱浓度随年份和植株的不同而变化,对预测牛的消费量几乎没有用处。当牛开始吃雀刺时,有毒生物碱浓度的知识对于管理目的是有价值的。牛通常在开花总状花序拉长后开始食用高大的云雀,随着云雀的成熟,消费量增加。天气也是影响牛消费的一个主要因素,因为牛往往在夏季风暴期间或刚刚过后吃更多的云雀刺。可能对牲畜生产者有用的管理选择包括调节牛以避免云雀(食物厌恶学习),在开花前(早期放牧)和种子碎后(后期放牧)放牧高大的云雀群,在牛之前放牧羊,对云雀植物进行除草剂控制,以及对中毒动物进行药物治疗。一些潜在的富有成效的研究途径包括检查低平原云雀的生物碱化学,开发分析云雀生物碱的免疫学方法,开发药物治疗,以及设计专门针对低平原云雀的放牧制度。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Larkspur (Delphinium spp.) poisoning in livestock.

Larkspurs (Delphinium spp.) are toxic plants that contain numerous diterpenoid alkaloids which occur as one of two structural types: (1) lycotonine, and (2) 7,8-methylenedioxylycoctonine (MDL-type). Among the lycoctonine type alkaloids are three N-(methylsuccinimido) anthranoyllycoctonine (MSAL-type) alkaloids which appear to be most toxic: methyllycaconitine (MLA), 14-deacetylnudicauline (DAN), and nudicauline. An ester function at C-18 is an important structural requirement for toxicity. Intoxication results from neuromuscular paralysis, as nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the muscle and brain are blocked by toxic alkaloids. Clinical signs include labored breathing, rapid and irregular heartbeat, muscular weakness, and collapse. Toxic alkaloid concentration generally declines in tall larkspurs with maturation, but alkaloid concentration varies over years and from plant to plant, and is of little use for predicting consumption by cattle. Knowledge of toxic alkaloid concentration is valuable for management purposes when cattle begin to eat larkspur. Cattle generally begin consuming tall larkspur after flowering racemes are elongated, and consumption increases as larkspur matures. Weather is also a major factor in cattle consumption, as cattle tend to eat more larkspur during or just after summer storms. Management options that may be useful for livestock producers include conditioning cattle to avoid larkspur (food aversion learning), grazing tall larkspur ranges before flowering (early grazing) and after seed shatter (late grazing), grazing sheep before cattle, herbicidal control of larkspur plants, and drug therapy for intoxicated animals. Some potentially fruitful research avenues include examining alkaloid chemistry in low and plains larkspurs, developing immunologic methods for analyzing larkspur alkaloids, developing drug therapy, and devising grazing regimes specifically for low and plains larkspur.

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