Coping with performance slumps: factor analysis of the Ways of Coping in Sport Scale.

The measurement properties of the Ways of Coping in Sport Scale (WOCS) were examined using performance slumps as a frame of reference. Confirmatory factor analysis failed to support the factor structure previously proposed by Madden et al. (1987, 1989, 1990), and additional analyses were undertaken to develop and validate an alternative model. Results indicated that the data best fit a 4-factor model, but that a 5-factor model might also be justified. Relevant factors included Seeking of Social Support, Denial/Avoidance, Wishful Thinking, Effort/Resolve, and Emotional Control. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for athletes, coaches and sport psychologists as well as the need for further examination of slump-related coping instruments.