A Review of Electrochemical Biosensors for Diagnosis of Periodontal Disease: Focus on Electrochemical Sensing Strategies

Diagnosis of periodontal disease by biosensors has recently received abundant attention. In this review, recently reported biosensors developed for the diagnosis of periodontal disease are systematically collected, categorized, and reviewed. Currently, the main specific biomarkers for the detection of periodontal disease are Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and its polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. In addition, some nonspecific markers such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), sodium ions (Na⁺), lactoferrin, MMP-8, IL-1β, and odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (ODAM) have been used for early detection of periodontal disease. In general, the choice of materials in these biosensors depends on interactions between materials and aptamers or application environments. In this paper, the diagnostic mechanism of the sensor and the interaction between the biorecognition element and signal transducer are analyzed. This review provides a systematic classification and comparative analysis of the detection techniques, biorecognition elements, target pathogens, and limits of detection (LOD) of these biosensors and discusses their applicability for early diagnosis of periodontal disease.