Recent Advances in Intelligent Energy Management for Design and Operation of Green Hospitals

Reducing energy consumption and adopting alternative or renewable energy in hospitals and healthcare facilities are of significant importance for sustainable development, energy savings, and healthcare-related emission reduction. Thus, green hospitals have been introduced as a paradigm shift in healthcare. In this paper, a review of recent advances in intelligent energy management for the design and operation of green hospitals is presented from the perspectives of energy efficiency improvement, alternative or renewable energy integration, sustainable building design, and green logistics, particularly in terms of optimization and artificial intelligence (AI) applications. Representative methods and practical cases are summarized to show how optimization models, data-driven approaches, and AI technologies can support energy savings, operational resilience, and carbon footprint reduction in healthcare facilities. Major challenges are also discussed, including data quality, system interoperability, model interpretability, cybersecurity, and policy support. This review provides a concise overview of recent progress and potential research directions for sustainable and AI-enabled green hospitals.