Hepatitis B vaccine uptake, completion, and associated factors among university students in Tanzania: a mixed method study at KCMC University, Moshi, Tanzania.

Background: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection remains a significant global public health concern, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where prevalence ranges between 6% and 8% among the general population. HBV is a major cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Vaccination against HBV is highly effective in preventing infection; however, uptake and completion of the vaccine series remain suboptimal in many countries, including Tanzania. This study aimed to determine the uptake and completion of HBV vaccination and associated factors among students at KCMC University, Moshi, Tanzania.

Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted among 284 students at KCMC University, Tanzania. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire, which captured information on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of hepatitis B virus infection and vaccination, and perceptions toward HBV vaccination. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Qualitative data were transcribed, thematically analysed, and subjected to content analysis to identify recurring themes and sub-themes.

Results: A total of 284 participants were enrolled. with a mean age of 22.9 ± 3.9 years, and 175 (61.6%) were female. Vaccine uptake, defined as receiving at least one dose of the hepatitis B vaccine was 113 (39.8%), and only 68 (23.9%) completed all three doses. Uptake of vaccination was significantly associated with year of study (p < 0.05), program level (p = 0.008), knowledge of hepatitis B (p = 0.001), and awareness of mass vaccination campaigns (p = 0.003). Completion of the vaccine series was higher among bachelor's students (AOR = 1.8, 95% CI: 0.09-0.57, p = 0.001), participants who received training on hepatitis infection (AOR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.2-7.6, p = 0.021), those knowledgeable about hepatitis B infection and prevention (AOR = 5.34, 95% CI: 2.2-4.7, p = 0.001), and who were aware of mass vaccination campaigns (AOR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.12-0.27, p = 0.001).

Conclusion: Hepatitis B vaccine uptake and completion among students remain low, indicating gaps in protection against HBV infection. Uptake was significantly associated with year of study, program level, knowledge of hepatitis B, and awareness of vaccination campaigns. Completion was linked to bachelor's level, hepatitis training, and knowledge. Strengthening targeted education, training, and vaccination campaigns is recommended.