Modeling and Design Principles for Plasmonic Nanoparticle-Enhanced Perovskite Solar Cells: A Comprehensive Review

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved exceptional light-to-power conversion efficiencies, yet their optical losses, particularly in the near-infrared, still limit full photovoltaic potential. The integration of plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) has emerged as an effective light-management strategy to overcome these limitations by enhancing optical absorption and tailoring charge-carrier dynamics. This review provides a comprehensive overview of analytical and numerical studies focused on plasmonic-enhanced PSCs, including the underlying enhancement mechanisms. The influence of NP material, geometry, size, spatial distribution, and embedding layer on device performance is systematically discussed. Finally, the main challenges and future perspectives in bridging theoretical predictions with experimental realization are highlighted, outlining guidelines for the rational optical design of next-generation plasmonic PSCs.