Compulsory connectivity in the digital era: A dual-path model of psychological adaptation

With the widespread use of mobile social media, individuals are increasingly embedded in a state of being ‘constantly online and always reachable’. In the Chinese cultural context, technological tools, social expectations and interpersonal ethics converge to give rise to a distinctive digital phenomenon—compulsory connectivity. This refers to the psychological state in which individuals maintain persistent social connections under non-voluntary, externally driven pressures. Drawing on Self-Determination Theory, Social Surveillance Theory, the Need to Belong Theory and Sheldon's Dual-Process Model, this study systematically analyses the psychological mechanisms and behavioural outcomes of compulsory connectivity. It proposes the Compulsory Connectivity Psychological Adaptation Model (CCPAM), which illustrates how basic psychological needs are frustrated under such conditions, leading individuals—via motivational, emotional and cognitive mediators—towards either an exhausting withdrawal path or an adaptive reconstruction path. Grounded in China's workplace culture, family ethics and social norms, the model also highlights the moderating role of cultural values in shaping connection experiences. Finally, the paper outlines future research directions, including scale development, empirical validation, cross-cultural comparison and intervention design. This review contributes to understanding the psychological foundations of digital-era connection stress and offers theoretical guidance for enhancing social autonomy and mental well-being.