Perovskite lasers: From optical pumping to electrical pumping

Integrated photonics and quantum information technologies demand compact, energy-efficient, and wavelength-tunable coherent light sources. Metal halide perovskites have recently emerged as a versatile class of gain media for photonic applications, offering exceptional optical gain, compositional flexibility, and defect tolerance. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of lasing mechanisms in metal halide perovskites, encompassing free-carrier, excitonic, and strong light-matter coupling regimes that lead to polaritonic lasing. We further discuss how crystallographic dimensionality and excitonic interactions govern the optical gain landscape and influence lasing performance. Recent advances in continuous-wave and electrically pumped perovskite lasers are also critically examined in terms of material composition, device architecture, and exciton dynamics. Finally, we highlight emerging strategies to suppress Auger recombination, carrier imbalance, and thermal degradation, paving the way toward stable, electrically pumped perovskite lasers for scalable on-chip photonic and quantum information systems.