Unlocking high-performance capacitive energy storage: advances in polymer nanocomposite dielectrics

The dielectric properties of polymers at extreme temperatures for energy storage require significant improvement, despite their superior processability, strong dielectric breakdown strength, and great mechanical qualities. By combining the best features of polymers and ceramics, scientists have created polymer nanocomposites with enhanced dielectric properties, making them ideal for use in various applications, including aerospace, oil and gas exploration, and hybrid electric cars. Interfacial design, microstructural engineering, and new high-dielectric filler materials are some of the important tactics and analytical models that have been developed to significantly increase the energy density of composite dielectrics. Novel designs have resulted from combining analytical models with machine learning approaches. Also covered in this study is the effect of a high-temperature implanted nanofiller on energy density in a polymer matrix. Lastly, this review summarizes the many types of dielectrics and their respective benefits, advancements, drawbacks, and limits when subjected to wide temperature ranges. An overview of the current areas where there is increasing production of energy storage devices in electric vehicles, pulsed warfare systems, and power electronics is provided to illustrate the practical uses of polymer nanocomposite dielectrics. We conclude by discussing the difficulties and potential benefits of polymer nanocomposite dielectrics in unusual scenarios.