Pesticide perceptions, practices, and Bt cotton adoption potential among Bangladeshi cotton farmers

Cotton production in Bangladesh faces significant pest management challenges, with farmers relying heavily on chemical pesticides. This study investigated 247 cotton farmers' perceptions and practices regarding pesticide use and their willingness to pay for insect-resistant Bt cotton. Perceptions were assessed using a five-point Likert scale (Cronbach's α = 0.76), complemented by data on pesticide practices and Bt cotton adoption potential, collected in 2022. Results revealed substantial perception-practice gaps: while 96% recognized health risks from excessive pesticide use, only 77% used personal protective equipment. Critical knowledge deficits were evident, with only 68.4% understanding stage-specific application requirements and 53.4% aware that insect-resistant varieties reduce pesticide costs. Most farmers (55%) relied on peer consultation rather than extension services for pesticide application decisions. Concerning disposal practices prevailed, with 39.7% burying containers and 30% leaving them in fields. Despite chemical reliance, farmers demonstrated high adoption of nature-based practices, particularly pheromone traps (89.5%) and removal of affected parts (84.6%). Regarding Bt cotton, 86% expressed willingness to adopt at current prices, declining to 52.5% at 50% premium, revealing severe price sensitivity. Findings highlight critical gaps between risk awareness and safety practices. Realizing Bt cotton adoption potential requires intensive extension programming addressing knowledge deficits, improved waste management infrastructure, and financial support for resource-constrained smallholder farmers.