Combined active and passive support technology and its application for deformation control in large-section weakly cemented tunnel

The development of large cross-section tunnels is an inevitable trend driven by the intensification of coal mining activities and advancements in mining equipment technology. However, the disturbance stress exerted by adjacent caverns has a more pronounced impact on weakly cemented rock strata in the vicinity of neighboring tunnels. To mitigate deformation in weakly cemented tunnels, grouting and the installation of long anchor cables were employed to reinforce the self-supporting capacity of the surrounding rock, thereby establishing an active support layer. Additionally, U-shaped steel frames combined with the subsequent application of flexible filling materials were utilized to aid the surrounding rock in mobilizing its self-supporting capacity, which resulted in the formation of a passive support layer. A layered collaborative control methodology integrating both active and passive support mechanisms was developed and implemented in engineering practice. The findings demonstrate that the vertical stress was alleviated after cavern excavation and was predominantly transferred toward the adjacent tunnel, with the influence zone extending approximately 7 to 12 times the tunnel height. Conversely, the horizontal stress is primarily dispersed laterally, affecting a region approximately 3 to 6 times the tunnel width. Following the infilling of pebbles between the U-shaped steel frame and the adjacent rock mass, the maximum compressive stress experienced by the U-shaped steel frame decreased by 50%. Additionally, the spatial extent of the maximum axial force was reduced by 65%, whereas the stresses within the rock bolts and cable bolts increased by 30% and 40%, respectively. Grouting reinforcement contributed to bonding and compaction effects on the delamination and fracturing of the roof strata, with the grout predominantly distributed within a range of 1.5 to 5 m from the central region of the roof. The research outcomes presented in this paper can provide valuable reference for a large-section weakly cemented tunnel.